In this paper we study the problem of finding a small safe set $S$ in a graph $G$, i.e. a non-empty set of vertices such that no connected component of $G[S]$ is adjacent to a larger component in $G - S$. We enhance our understanding of the problem from the viewpoint of parameterized complexity by showing that (1) the problem is W[2]-hard when parameterized by the pathwidth $pw$ and cannot be solved in time $n^{o(pw)}$ unless the ETH is false, (2) it admits no polynomial kernel parameterized by the vertex cover number $vc$ unless $mathrm{PH} = Sigma^{mathrm{p}}_{3}$, but (3) it is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) when parameterized by the neighborhood diversity $nd$, and (4) it can be solved in time $n^{f(cw)}$ for some double exponential function $f$ where $cw$ is the clique-width. We also present (5) a faster FPT algorithm when parameterized by solution size.
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