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We propose a funding scheme for theoretical research that does not rely on project proposals, but on recent past scientific productivity. Given a quantitative figure of merit on the latter and the total research budget, we introduce a number of policies to decide the allocation of funds in each grant call. Under some assumptions on scientific productivity, some of such policies are shown to converge, in the limit of many grant calls, to a funding configuration that is close to the maximum total productivity of the whole scientific community. We present numerical simulations showing evidence that these schemes would also perform well in the presence of statistical noise in the scientific productivity and/or its evaluation. Finally, we prove that one of our policies cannot be cheated by individual research units. Our work must be understood as a first step towards a mathematical theory of the research activity.
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As a part of science of science (SciSci) research, the evolution of scientific disciplines has been attracting a great deal of attention recently. This kind of discipline level analysis not only give insights of one particular field but also shed light on general principles of scientific enterprise. In this paper we focus on graphene research, a fast growing field covers both theoretical and applied study. Using co-clustering method, we split graphene literature into two groups and confirm that one group is about theoretical research (T) and another corresponds to applied research (A). We analyze the proportion of T/A and found applied research becomes more and more popular after 2007. Geographical analysis demonstrated that countries have different preference in terms of T/A and they reacted differently to research trend. The interaction between two groups has been analyzed and shows that T extremely relies on T and A heavily relies on A, however the situation is very stable for T but changed markedly for A. No geographic difference is found for the interaction dynamics. Our results give a comprehensive picture of graphene research evolution and also provide a general framework which is able to analyze other disciplines.
The terrain that theorists cover in this CMB golden age is described. We ponder early universe physics in quest of the fluctuation generator. We extoll the virtues of inflation and defects. We transport fields, matter and radiation into the linear (primary anisotropies) and nonlinear (secondary anisotropies) regimes. We validate our linear codes to deliver accurate predictions for experimentalists to shoot at. We struggle at the computing edge to push our nonlinear simulations from only illustrative to fully predictive. We are now phenomenologists, optimizing statistical techniques for extracting truths and their errors from current and future experiments. We begin to clean foregrounds. We join CMB experimental teams. We combine the CMB with large scale structure, galaxy and other cosmological observations in search of current concordance. The brave use all topical data. Others carefully craft their prior probabilities to downweight data sets. We are always unbiased. We declare theories sick, dead, ugly. Sometimes we cure them, resurrect them, rarely beautify them. Our goal is to understand how all cosmic structure we see arose and what the Universe is made of, and to use this to discover the laws of ultrahigh energy physics. Theorists are humble, without hubris.
The seasonal and variable electricity production of renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, needs to be compensated by resources that can guarantee a reliable supply of power at all times. As the penetration of variable renewable energy increases globally for economic reasons, so do the requirements for additional sources of flexible operation. The permanent balance between demand and supply of electricity is one of the reasons of the increased interest on energy storage systems in recent years. By far, the largest technology used globally to this end is Pump Hydro Storage (PHS) because of the fast response of power, large storage capacity and competitiveness. PHS project are highly site specific, and the selection and design of these projects is critical. In this article, an integer programming problem is formulated for their siting and sizing. The approach is to select grid cells from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) that will conform reservoirs of PHS to meet minimum storage requirements. The objective function includes the costs of embankments, water conveyance systems, and electromechanical equipment. The model can be executed for different instances of DEM, and the best local solutions can be aggregated to provide regional or national requirements of power systems.
We investigate the dynamics of a broad class of stochastic copying processes on a network that includes examples from population genetics (spatially-structured Wright-Fisher models), ecology (Hubbell-type models), linguistics (the utterance selection model) and opinion dynamics (the voter model) as special cases. These models all have absorbing states of fixation where all the nodes are in the same state. Earlier studies of these models showed that the mean time when this occurs can be made to grow as different powers of the network size by varying the the degree distribution of the network. Here we demonstrate that this effect can also arise if one varies the asymmetry of the copying dynamics whilst holding the degree distribution constant. In particular, we show that the mean time to fixation can be accelerated even on homogeneous networks when certain nodes are very much more likely to be copied from than copied to. We further show that there is a complex interplay between degree distribution and asymmetry when they may co-vary; and that the results are robust to correlations in the network or the initial condition.
The data underlying scientific papers should be accessible to researchers both now and in the future, but how best can we ensure that these data are available? Here we examine the effectiveness of four approaches to data archiving: no stated archiving policy, recommending (but not requiring) archiving, and t
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