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Register a new userRevealing hidden quantum correlations in an electromechanical measurement
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Added by
Caspar Ockeloen-Korppi
Publication date
2018
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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Under a strong quantum measurement, the motion of an oscillator is disturbed by the measurement back-action, as required by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. When a mechanical oscillator is continuously monitored via an electromagnetic cavity, as in a cavity optomechanical measurement, the back-action is manifest by the shot noise of incoming photons that becomes imprinted onto the motion of the oscillator. Following the photons leaving the cavity, the correlations appear as squeezing of quantum noise in the emitted field. Here we observe such ponderomotive squeezing in the microwave domain using an electromechanical device made out of a superconducting resonator and a drumhead mechanical oscillator. Under a strong measurement, the emitted field develops complex-valued quantum correlations, which in general are not completely accessible by standard homodyne measurements. We recover these hidden correlations, using a phase-sensitive measurement scheme employing two local oscillators. The utilization of hidden correlations presents a step forward in the detection of weak forces, as it allows to fully utilize the quantum noise reduction under the conditions of strong force sensitivity.
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We describe a quantum electromechanical system(QEMS) comprising a single quantum dot harmonically bound between two electrodes and facilitating a tunneling current between them. An example of such a system is a fullerene molecule between two metal electrodes [Park et al., Nature, 407, 57 (2000)]. The description is based on a quantum master equation for the density operator of the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom and thus incorporates the dynamics of both diagonal (population) and off diagonal (coherence) terms. We derive coupled equations of motion for the electron occupation number of the dot and the vibrational degrees of freedom, including damping of the vibration and thermo-mechanical noise. This dynamical description is related to observable features of the system including the stationary current as a function of bias voltage.
Measurement of quantum systems inevitably involves disturbance in various forms. Within the limits imposed by quantum mechanics, however, one can design an ideal projective measurement that does not introduce a back action on the measured observable,
known as a quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement. Here we demonstrate an all-electrical QND measurement of a single electron spin in a gate-defined quantum dot via an exchange-coupled ancilla qubit. The ancilla qubit, encoded in the singlet-triplet two-electron subspace, is entangled with the single spin and subsequently read out in a single shot projective measurement at a rate two orders of magnitude faster than the spin relaxation. The QND nature of the measurement protocol is evidenced by observing a monotonic increase of the readout fidelity over one hundred repetitive measurements against arbitrary input states. We extract information from the measurement record using the method of optimal inference, which is tolerant to the presence of the relaxation and dephasing. The QND measurement allows us to observe spontaneous spin flips (quantum jumps) in an isolated system with small disturbance. Combined with the high-fidelity control of spin qubits, these results pave the way for various measurement-based quantum state manipulations including quantum error correction protocols.
We consider a type of Quantum Electro-Mechanical System, known as the shuttle system, first proposed by Gorelik et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 4526, (1998)]. We use a quantum master equation treatment and compare the semi-classical solution to a full quantum simulation to reveal the dynamics, followed by a discussion of the current noise of the system. The transition between tunnelling and shuttling regime can be measured directly in the spectrum of the noise.
Control over the quantum states of a massive oscillator is important for several technological applications and to test the fundamental limits of quantum mechanics. Addition of an internal degree of freedom to the oscillator could be a valuable resource for such control. Recently, hybrid electromechanical systems using superconducting qubits, based on electric-charge mediated coupling, have been quite successful. Here, we realize a hybrid device, consisting of a superconducting transmon qubit and a mechanical resonator coupled using the magnetic-flux. The coupling stems from the quantum-interference of the superconducting phase across the tunnel junctions. We demonstrate a vacuum electromechanical coupling rate up to 4 kHz by making the transmon qubit resonant with the readout cavity. Consequently, thermal-motion of the mechanical resonator is detected by driving the hybridized-mode with mean-occupancy well below one photon. By tuning qubit away from the cavity, electromechanical coupling can be enhanced to 40 kHz. In this limit, a small coherent drive on the mechanical resonator results in the splitting of qubit spectrum, and we observe interference signature arising from the Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg effect. With improvements in qubit coherence, this system offers a novel platform to realize rich interactions and could potentially provide full control over the quantum motional states.
We discuss methods for numerically solving the generalized Master equation GME which governs the time-evolution of the reduced density matrix of a mechanically movable mesoscopic device in a dissipative environment. As a specific example, we consider the quantum shuttle -- a generic quantum nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS). When expressed in the oscillator basis, the static limit of the GME becomes a large linear non-sparse matrix problem (characteristic size larger than 10^4 by 10^4) which however, as we show, can be treated using the Arnoldi iteration scheme. The numerical results are interpreted with the help of Wigner functions, and we compute the current and the noise in a few representative cases.
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