In this paper we introduce a new approach to the study of the effects that an impulsive wave, containing a mixture of material sources and gravitational waves, has on a geodesic congruence that traverses it. We find that the effect of the wave on the congruence is a discontinuity in the B-tensor of the congruence. Our results thus provide a detector independent and covariant characterization of gravitational memory.
It is shown that there is a universal gravitational memory effect measurable by inertial detectors in even spacetime dimensions $dgeq 4$. The effect falls off at large radius $r$ as $r^{3-d}$. Moreover this memory effect sits at one corner of an infrared triangle with the other two corners occupied by Weinbergs soft graviton theorem and infinite-dimensional asymptotic symmetries.
For the purpose of analyzing observed phenomena, it has been convenient, and thus far sufficient, to regard gravity as subject to the deterministic principles of classical physics, with the gravitational field obeying Newtons law or Einsteins equations. Here we treat the gravitational field as a quantum field and determine the implications of such treatment for experimental observables. We find that falling bodies in gravity are subject to random fluctuations (noise) whose characteristics depend on the quantum state of the gravitational field. We derive a stochastic equation for the separation of two falling particles. Detection of this fundamental noise, which may be measurable at gravitational wave detectors, would vindicate the quantization of gravity, and reveal important properties of its sources.
We investigate the memory effects associated with the kicks of particles. Recently, the equivalence between the memory effect and soft theorem has been established. By computing the memory effect from the radiation solutions, we explicitly confirm that, in addition to the leading piece, the subleading and subsubleading soft theorems are equivalent to the subleading and subsubleading memory effects, respectively. It is known that the memory effects can be probed by the displacements or kicks of the test particles. We point out that the these memory effects are also probed by the permanent change of the direction of the spin. We also show that the axion memory effect, recently proposed by the current authors, can be detected as the change of the spin of the test particle. We discuss that if we consider the magnetic monopole as an external particle, the parity-odd electromagnetic memory appears.
The existence of an electromagnectic field with parallel electric and magnetic components is readdressed in the presence of a gravitational field. A non-parallel solution is shown to exist. Next, we analyse the possibility of finding stationary gravitational waves in de nature. Finaly, We construct a D=4 effective quantum gravity model. Tree-level unitarity is verified.