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Register a new userAngular Momentum and Galaxy Formation Revisited: Scaling Relations for Disks and Bulges
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Added by
Aaron J. Romanowsky
Publication date
2018
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We show that the stellar specific angular momentum j_*, mass M_*, and bulge fraction beta_* of normal galaxies of all morphological types are consistent with a simple model based on a linear superposition of independent disks and bulges. In this model, disks and bulges follow scaling relations of the form j_*d ~ M_*d^alpha and j_*b ~ M_*b^alpha with alpha = 0.67 +/- 0.07 but offset from each other by a factor of 8 +/- 2 over the mass range 8.9 <= log M_*/M_Sun <= 11.8. Separate fits for disks and bulges alone give alpha = 0.58 +/- 0.10 and alpha = 0.83 +/- 0.16, respectively. This model correctly predicts that galaxies follow a curved 2D surface in the 3D space of log j_*, log M_*, and beta_*. We find no statistically significant indication that galaxies with classical and pseudo bulges follow different relations in this space, although some differences are permitted within the observed scatter and the inherent uncertainties in decomposing galaxies into disks and bulges. As a byproduct of this analysis, we show that the j_*--M_* scaling relations for disk-dominated galaxies from several previous studies are in excellent agreement with each other. In addition, we resolve some conflicting claims about the beta_*-dependence of the j_*--M_* scaling relations. The results presented here reinforce and extend our earlier suggestion that the distribution of galaxies with different beta_* in the j_*--M_* diagram constitutes an objective, physically motivated alternative to subjective classification schemes such as the Hubble sequence.
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This paper provides a summary of our recent work on the scaling relations between the specific angular momentum j_* and mass M_* of the stellar parts of normal galaxies of different bulge fraction beta_*. We find that the observations are consistent with a simple model based on a linear superposition of disks and bulges that follow separate scaling relations of the form j_*d ~ M_*d^alpha and j_*b ~ M_*b^alpha with alpha = 0.67 +/- 0.07 but offset from each other by a factor of 8 +/- 2 over the mass range 8.9 <= log (M_*/M_Sun) <= 11.8. This model correctly predicts that galaxies follow a curved 2D surface in the 3D space of log j_*, log M_*, and beta_*.
We use a sample built on the SDSS DR7 catalogue and the bulge-disc decomposition of Simard et al. (2011) to study how the bulge and disc components contribute to the parent galaxys star formation activity, by determining its position in the star formation rate (SFR) - stellar mass (M$_{star}$) plane at 0.02$<z<$0.1. We use the bulge and disc colours as proxy for their SFRs. We study the mean galaxy bulge-total mass ratio (B/T) as a function of the residual from the MS ($Delta_{MS}$) and find that the B/T-$Delta_{MS}$ relation exhibits a parabola-like shape with the peak of the MS corresponding to the lowest B/Ts at any stellar mass. The lower and upper envelop of the MS are populated by galaxies with similar B/T, velocity dispersion and concentration ($R_{90}/R_{50}$) values. Bulges above the MS are characterised by blue colours or, when red, by a high level of dust obscuration, thus indicating that in both cases they are actively star forming. When on the MS or below it, bulges are mostly red and dead. At stellar masses above $10^{10.5} $M$_{odot}$, bulges on the MS or in the green valley tend to be significantly redder than their counterparts in the quiescence region, despite similar levels of dust obscuration. The disc color anti-correlates at any mass with the distance from the MS, getting redder when approaching the MS lower envelope and the quiescence region. We conclude that the position of a galaxy in the LogSFR-LogM$_{star}$ plane depends on the star formation activity of its components: above the MS both bulge and disk are actively star forming. The nuclear activity is the first to be suppressed, moving the galaxies on the MS. Once the disk stops forming stars as well, the galaxy moves below the MS and eventually to the quiescence region. This is confirmed by a large fraction ($sim45%$) of passive galaxies with a secure two component morphology.
We investigate the stellar kinematics of the bulge and disk components in 826 galaxies with a wide range of morphology from the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral-field spectroscopy (SAMI) Galaxy Survey. The spatially-resolved rotation velocity (V) and velocity dispersion ($sigma$) of bulge and disk components have been simultaneously estimated using the penalized pixel fitting (pPXF) method with photometrically defined weights for the two components. We introduce a new subroutine of pPXF for dealing with degeneracy in the solutions. We show that the V and $sigma$ distributions in each galaxy can be reconstructed using the kinematics and weights of the bulge and disk components. The combination of two distinct components provides a consistent description of the major kinematic features of galaxies over a wide range of morphological types. We present Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relations showing that the galaxy stellar mass scales with both V and $sigma$ for both components of all galaxy types. We find a tight Faber-Jackson relation even for the disk component. We show that the bulge and disk components are kinematically distinct: (1) the two components show scaling relations with similar slopes, but different intercepts; (2) the spin parameter $lambda_R$ indicates bulges are pressure-dominated systems and disks are supported by rotation; (3) the bulge and disk components have, respectively, low and high values in intrinsic ellipticity. Our findings suggest that the relative contributions of the two components explain, at least to first order, the complex kinematic behaviour of galaxies.
Star forming molecular clouds are observed to be both highly magnetized and turbulent. Consequently the formation of protostellar disks is largely dependent on the complex interaction between gravity, magnetic fields, and turbulence. Studies of non-turbulent protostellar disk formation with realistic magnetic fields have shown that these fields are efficient in removing angular momentum from the forming disks, preventing their formation. However, once turbulence is included, disks can form in even highly magnetized clouds, although the precise mechanism remains uncertain. Here we present several high resolution simulations of turbulent, realistically magnetized, high-mass molecular clouds with both aligned and random turbulence to study the role that turbulence, misalignment, and magnetic fields have on the formation of protostellar disks. We find that when the turbulence is artificially aligned so that the angular momentum is parallel to the initial uniform field, no rotationally supported disks are formed, regardless of the initial turbulent energy. We conclude that turbulence and the associated misalignment between the angular momentum and the magnetic field are crucial in the formation of protostellar disks in the presence of realistic magnetic fields.
The angular momentum of galactic discs in semi-analytic models of galaxy formation is usually updated in time as material is accreted to the disc by adopting a constant dimensionless spin parameter and little attention is paid to the effects of accretion with misaligned angular momenta. These effects are the subject of this paper, where we adopt a Monte-Carlo simulation for the changes in the direction of the angular momentum of a galaxy disc as it accretes matter based on accurate measurements from dark-matter haloes in the Millennium II simulation. In our semi-analytic model implementation, the flips seen the dark matter haloes are assumed to be the same for the cold baryons; however, we also assume that in the latter the flip also entails a difficulty for the disc to increase its angular momentum which causes the disc to become smaller relative to a no-flip case. This makes star formation to occur faster, specially in low mass galaxies at all redshifts allowing galaxies to reach higher stellar masses faster. We adopt a new condition for the triggering of starbursts during mergers. As these produce the largest flips it is natural to adopt the disc instability criterion to evaluate the triggering of bursts in mergers instead of one based on mass ratios as in the original model. The new implementation reduces the average lifetimes of discs by a factor of 2, while still allowing old ages for the present-day discs of large spiral galaxies. It also provides a faster decline of star formation in massive galaxies and a better fit to the bright end of the luminosity function at z = 0.
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