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Register a new userFormation of First Galaxies inside Density Peaks and Voids under the Influence of Dark Matter-Baryon Streaming Velocity, I: Initial Condition and Simulation Scheme
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We present a systematic study of the cosmic variance that existed in the formation of first stars and galaxies. We focus on the cosmic variance induced by the large-scale density and velocity environment engraved at the epoch of recombination. The density environment is predominantly determined by the dark-matter overdensity, and the velocity environment by the dark matter-baryon streaming velocity. Toward this end, we introduce a new cosmological initial condition generator BCCOMICS, which solves the quasi-linear evolution of small-scale perturbations under the large-scale density and streaming-velocity environment and generates the initial condition for dark matter and baryons, as either particles or grid data at a specific redshift. We also describe a scheme to simulate the formation of first galaxies inside density peaks and voids, where a local environment is treated as a separate universe. The resulting cosmic variance in the minihalo number density and the amount of cooling mass are presented as an application. Density peaks become a site for enhanced formation of first galaxies, which compete with the negative effect from the dark matter-baryon streaming velocity on structure formation.
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The impact of the streaming between baryons and dark matter on the first structures has been actively explored by recent studies. We investigate how the key results are affected by two popular approximations. One is to implement the streaming by accounting for only the relative motion while assuming ``baryons trace dark matter spatially at the initialization of simulation. This neglects the smoothing on the gas density taking place before the initialization. In our simulation initialized at $z_i=200$, it overestimates the gas density power spectrum by up to 40% at $kapprox10^2~h~mbox{Mpc}^{-1}$ at $z=20$. Halo mass ($M_h$) and baryonic fraction in halos ($f_{b,h}$) are also overestimated, but the relation between the two remains unchanged. The other approximation tested is to artificially amplify the density/velocity fluctuations in the cosmic mean density to simulate the first minihalos that form in overdense regions. This gives a head start to the halo growth while the subsequent growth is similar to that in the mean density. The growth in a true overdense region, on the other hand, is accelerated gradually in time. For example, raising $sigma_8$ by 50% effectively transforms $zrightarrowsqrt{1.5}z$ in the halo mass growth history while in 2-$sigma$ overdensity, the growth is accelerated by a constant in redshift: $zrightarrow{z+4.8}$. As a result, halos have grown more in the former than in the latter before $zapprox27$ and vice versa after. The $f_{b,h}$-$M_h$ relation is unchanged in those cases as well, suggesting that the Pop III formation rate for a given $M_h$ is insensitive to the tested approximations.
At cosmic recombination, there was supersonic relative motion between baryons and dark matter, which originated from the baryonic acoustic oscillations in the early universe. This motion has been considered to have a negligible impact on the late stage of cosmic reionization because the relative velocity quickly decreases. However, recent studies have suggested that the recombination in gas clouds smaller than the local Jeans mass ($lesssim$ $10^8~M_odot$) can affect the reionization history by boosting the number of ultraviolet photons required for ionizing the intergalactic medium. Motivated by this, we performed a series of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations to investigate whether the streaming motion can generate variation in the local reionization history by smoothing out clumpy small-scale structures and lowering the ionizing photon budget. We found that the streaming velocity can add a variation of $Delta z_e$ $sim$ $0.05$ $-$ $0.5$ in the end-of-reionization redshift, depending on the level of X-ray preheating and the time evolution of ionizing sources. The variation tends to be larger when the ionizing efficiency of galaxies decreases toward later times. Given the long spatial fluctuation scales of the streaming motion ($gtrsim 100$ Mpc), it can help to explain the Ly$alpha$ opacity variation observed from quasars and leave large-scale imprints on the ionization field of the intergalactic medium during the reionization. The pre-reionization heating by X-ray sources is another critical factor that can suppress small-scale gas clumping and can diminish the variation in $z_e$ introduced by the streaming motion.
The smallest dark matter halos are formed first in the early universe. According to recent studies, the central density cusp is much steeper in these halos than in larger halos and scales as $rho propto r^{-(1.5-1.3)}$. We present results of very large cosmological $N$-body simulations of the hierarchical formation and evolution of halos over a wide mass range, beginning from the formation of the smallest halos. We confirmed early studies that the inner density cusps are steeper in halos at the free streaming scale. The cusp slope gradually becomes shallower as the halo mass increases. The slope of halos 50 times more massive than the smallest halo is approximately $-1.3$. No strong correlation exists between inner slope and the collapse epoch. The cusp slope of halos above the free streaming scale seems to be reduced primarily due to major merger processes. The concentration, estimated at the present universe, is predicted to be $60-70$, consistent with theoretical models and earlier simulations, and ruling out simple power law mass-concentration relations. Microhalos could still exist in the present universe with the same steep density profiles.
We study the evolution of the cross-correlation between voids and the mass density field - i.e. of void profiles. We show that approaches based on the spherical model alone miss an important contribution to the evolution on large scales of most interest to cosmology: they fail to capture the well-known fact that the large-scale bias factor of conserved tracers evolves. We also show that the operations of evolution and averaging do not commute, but this difference is only significant within about two effective radii. We show how to include a term which accounts for the evolution of bias, which is directly related to the fact that voids move. The void motions are approximately independent of void size, so they are more significant for smaller voids that are typically more numerous. This term also contributes to void-matter pairwise velocities: including it is necessary for modeling the typical outflow speeds around voids. It is, therefore, important for void redshift space distortions. Finally, we show that the excursion set peaks/troughs approach provides a useful, but not perfect framework for describing void profiles and their evolution.
We quantify the error in the results of mixed baryon--dark-matter hydrodynamic simulations, stemming from outdated approximations for the generation of initial conditions. The error at redshift 0 in contemporary large simulations, is of the order of few to ten percent in the power spectra of baryons and dark matter, and their combined total-matter power spectrum. After describing how to properly assign initial displacements and peculiar velocities to multiple species, we review several approximations: (1) {using the total-matter power spectrum to compute displacements and peculiar velocities of both fluids}, (2) scaling the linear redshift-zero power spectrum back to the initial power spectrum using the Newtonian growth factor ignoring homogeneous radiation, (3) using longitudinal-gauge velocities with synchronous-gauge densities, and (4) ignoring the phase-difference in the Fourier modes for the offset baryon grid, relative to the dark-matter grid. Three of these approximations do not take into account that dark matter and baryons experience a scale-dependent growth after photon decoupling, which results in directions of velocity which are not the same as their direction of displacement. We compare the outcome of hydrodynamic simulations with these four approximations to our reference simulation, all setup with the same random seed and simulated using Gadget-III.
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