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Register a new userThe host galaxy of the gamma-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS 1502+036
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Added by
Filippo D'Ammando Dr.
Publication date
2018
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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The detection of gamma-ray emission from narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1) has challenged the idea that large black hole (BH) masses ($ge$10$^8$ M$_{odot}$) are needed to launch relativistic jets. We present near-infrared imaging data of the gamma-ray-emitting NLSy1 PKS 1502+036 obtained with the Very Large Telescope. Its surface brightness profile, extending to $sim$ 20 kpc, is well described by the combination of a nuclear component and a bulge with a Sersic index $n$ = 3.5, which is indicative of an elliptical galaxy. A circumnuclear structure observed near PKS 1502+036 may be the result of galaxy interactions. A BH mass of about $sim 7 times 10^{8}$ M$_{odot}$ has been estimated by the bulge luminosity. The presence of an additional faint disc component cannot be ruled out with the present data, but this would reduce the BH mass estimate by only $sim$ 30%. These results, together with analogous findings obtained for FBQS J1644+2619, indicate that the relativistic jets in gamma-ray-emitting NLSy1 are likely produced by massive black holes at the center of elliptical galaxies.
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We report on multifrequency observations of the gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS 1502+036 performed from radio to gamma-rays during 2008 August-2012 November by Fermi-LAT, Swift (XRT and UVOT), OVRO, VLBA, and VLA. No significant variability has been observed in gamma-rays, with 0.1-100 GeV flux that ranged between (3-7)x10^-8 ph/cm^2/s using 3-month time bins. The photon index of the LAT spectrum (Gamma=2.60+/-0.06) and the apparent isotropic gamma-ray luminosity, L(0.1-100 GeV)= 7.8x10^45 erg/s, over 51 months are typical of a flat spectrum radio quasar. The radio spectral variability and the one-sided structure, in addition to the observed gamma-ray luminosity, suggest a relativistic jet with a high Doppler factor. In contrast to SBS 0846+513, the VLBA at 15 GHz did not observe superluminal motion for PKS 1502+036. Despite having the optical characteristics typical of a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy, radio and gamma-ray properties of PKS 1502+036 are found to be similar to those of a blazar at the low end of the black hole mass distribution for blazars. This is in agreement with what has been found in the case of the other gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 SBS 0846+513.
After a long low-activity period, a gamma-ray flare from the narrow-line Seyfert 1 PKS 1502+036 (z=0.4089) was detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board Fermi in 2015. On 2015 December 20 the source reached a daily peak flux, in the 0.1-300 GeV band, of (93 $pm$ 19) $times$10$^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, attaining a flux of (237 $pm$ 71) $times$10$^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ on 3-hr time-scales, which corresponds to an isotropic luminosity of (7.3 $pm$ 2.1) $times$10$^{47}$ erg/s. The gamma-ray flare was not accompanied by significant spectral changes. We report on multi-wavelength radio-to-gamma-ray observations of PKS 1502+036 during 2008 August-2016 March by Fermi-LAT, Swift, XMM-Newton, Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO). An increase in activity was observed on 2015 December 22 by Swift in optical, UV, and X-rays. The OVRO 15 GHz light curve reached the highest flux density observed from this source on 2016 January 12, indicating a delay of about three weeks between the gamma-ray and 15 GHz emission peaks. This suggests that the gamma-ray emitting region is located beyond the broad line region. We compared the spectral energy distribution (SED) of an average activity state with that of the flaring state. The two SED, with the high-energy bump modelled as an external Compton component with seed photons from a dust torus, could be fitted by changing the electron distribution parameters as well as the magnetic field. The fit of the disc emission during the average state constrains the black hole mass to values lower than 10$^8$ solar masses. The SED, high-energy emission mechanisms, and gamma-ray properties of the source resemble those of a flat spectrum radio quasar.
The discovery of $gamma$-ray emission from radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxies has questioned the need for large black hole masses (> 10$^8$ M$_{odot}$) to launch relativistic jets. We present near-infrared data of the $gamma$-ray-emitting NLSy1 FBQS J1644+2619 that were collected using the camera CIRCE (Canarias InfraRed Camera Experiment) at the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias to investigate the structural properties of its host galaxy and to infer the black hole mass. The 2D surface brightness profile is modelled by the combination of a nuclear and a bulge component with a Sersic profile with index $n$ = 3.7, indicative of an elliptical galaxy. The structural parameters of the host are consistent with the correlations of effective radius and surface brightness against absolute magnitude measured for elliptical galaxies. From the bulge luminosity, we estimated a black hole mass of (2.1$pm$0.2) $times$10$^8$ M$_{odot}$, consistent with the values characterizing radio-loud active galactic nuclei.
We present a multi-frequency study of PKS J1222$+$0413 (4C$+$04.42), currently the highest redshift $gamma$-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 ($gamma$-NLS1). We assemble a broad spectral energy distribution (SED) including previously unpublished datasets: X-ray data obtained with the NuSTAR and Neil Gehrels Swift observatories; near-infrared, optical and UV spectroscopy obtained with VLT X-shooter; and multiband radio data from the Effelsberg telescope. These new observations are supplemented by archival data from the literature. We apply physical models to the broadband SED, parameterising the accretion flow and jet emission to investigate the disc-jet connection. PKS J1222$+$0413 has a much greater black hole mass than most other NLS1s, $M_mathrm{BH}approx2times10^{8}$ M$_odot$, similar to those found in flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). Therefore this source provides insight into how the jets of $gamma$-NLS1s relate to those of FSRQs.
The $gamma$-ray loud narrow line Seyfert 1 ($gamma$-NLSy1) galaxy PKS 1502+036 ($z=0.409$) exhibited its first $gamma$-ray outburst on 2015 December 20. In the energy range of 0.1-300 GeV, the highest flux measured by {it Fermi}-Large Area Telescope is (3.90 $pm$ 1.52) $times$ 10$^{-6}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, which is the highest $gamma$-ray flux ever detected from this object. The associated spectral shape is soft ($Gamma_{0.1-300~{rm GeV}}=2.57pm0.17$) and this corresponds to an isotropic $gamma$-ray luminosity of (1.2 $pm$ 0.6) $times$ 10$^{48}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We generate the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) during the GeV flare and reproduce it using a one zone leptonic emission model. The optical-UV spectrum can be explained by a combination of synchrotron and the accretion disk emission, whereas, the X-ray to $gamma$-ray SED can be satisfactorily reproduced by inverse-Compton scattering of thermal photons originated from the torus. The derived SED parameters hint for the increase in the bulk Lorentz factor as a major cause of the flare and the location of the emission region is estimated as outside the broad line region but still inside torus. A comparison of the GeV flaring SED of PKS 1502+036 with that of two other $gamma$-NLSy1 galaxies, namely, 1H 0323+342 ($z=0.061$) and PMN J0948+0022 ($z=0.585$), and also with FSRQ 3C 279 ($z=0.536$) has led to the conclusion that the GeV flaring SEDs of $gamma$-NLSy1 galaxies resemble with FSRQs and a major fraction of their bolometric luminosity is emitted at $gamma$-ray energies.
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