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Register a new userRelativistic Viscous Radiation Hydrodynamic Simulations of Geometrically Thin Disks: I. Thermal and Other Instabilities
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Patrick Christopher Fragile
Publication date
2018
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We present results from two-dimensional, general relativistic, viscous, radiation hydrodynamic numerical simulations of Shakura-Sunyaev thin disks accreting onto stellar mass Schwarzschild black holes. We consider cases on both the gas- and radiation-pressure-dominated branches of the thermal equilibrium curve, with mass accretion rates spanning the range from $dot{M} = 0.01 L_mathrm{Edd}/c^2$ to $10 L_mathrm{Edd}/c^2$. The simulations directly test the stability of this standard disk model on the different branches. We find clear evidence of thermal instability for all radiation-pressure-dominated disks, resulting universally in the vertical collapse of the disks, which in some cases then settle onto the stable, gas-pressure-dominated branch. Although these results are consistent with decades-old theoretical predictions, they appear to be in conflict with available observational data from black hole X-ray binaries. We also find evidence for a radiation-pressure-driven instability that breaks the unstable disks up into alternating rings of high and low surface density on a timescale comparable to the thermal collapse. Since radiation is included self-consistently in the simulations, we are able to calculate lightcurves and power density spectra (PDS). For the most part, we measure radiative efficiencies (ratio of luminosity to mass accretion rate) close to 6%, as expected for a non-rotating black hole. The PDS appear as broken power laws, with a break typically around 100 Hz. There is no evidence of significant excess power at any frequencies, i.e. no quasi-periodic oscillations are observed.
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We perform detailed variability analysis of two-dimensional viscous, radiation hydrodynamic numerical simulations of Shakura-Sunyaev thin disks around a stellar mass black hole. Disk models are initialized on both the gas-, as well as radiation-, pressure-dominated branches of the thermal equilibrium curve, with mass accretion rates spanning the range from $dot{M} = 0.01 L_mathrm{Edd}/c^2$ to $10 L_mathrm{Edd}/c^2$. An analysis of temporal variations of the numerically simulated disk reveals multiple robust, coherent oscillations. Considering the local mass flux variability, we find an oscillation occurring at the maximum radial epicyclic frequency, $3.5times 10^{-3},t_mathrm{g}^{-1}$, a possible signature of a trapped fundamental ${it g}$-mode. Although present in each of our simulated models, the trapped ${it g}$-mode feature is most prominent in the gas-pressure-dominated case. The total pressure fluctuations in the disk suggest strong evidence for standing-wave ${it p}$-modes, some trapped in the inner disk close to the ISCO, others present in the middle/outer parts of the disk. Knowing that the trapped ${it g}$-mode frequency and maximum radial epicyclic frequency differ by only $0.01%$ in the case of a non-rotating black hole, we simulated an additional initially gas-pressure-dominated disk with a dimensionless black hole spin parameter $a_* = 0.5$. The oscillation frequency in the spinning black hole case confirms that this oscillation is indeed a trapped ${it g}$-mode. All the numerical models we report here also show a set of high frequency oscillations at the vertical epicyclic and breathing mode frequencies. The vertical oscillations show a 3:2 frequency ratio with oscillations occurring approximately at the radial epicyclic frequency, which could be of astrophysical importance in observed twin peak, high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations.
The classical, relativistic thin-disk theory of Novikov and Thorne (NT) predicts a maximum accretion efficiency of 40% for an optically thick, radiatively efficient accretion disk around a maximally spinning black hole (BH). However, when a strong magnetic field is introduced to numerical simulations of thin disks, large deviations in efficiency are observed, in part due to mass and energy carried by jets and winds launched by the disk or BH spin. The total efficiency of accretion can be significantly enhanced beyond that predicted by NT but it has remained unclear how the radiative component is affected. In order to study the effect of a dynamically relevant large-scale magnetic field on radiatively efficient accretion, we have performed numerical 3D general relativistic - radiative - magnetohydroynamic (GRRMHD) simulations of a disk with scale height to radius ratio of $H/R~0.1$ around a moderately spinning BH (a=0.5) using the code HARMRAD. Our simulations are fully global and allow us to measure the jet, wind, and radiative properties of a magnetically arrested disk (MAD) that is kept thin via self-consistent transport of energy by radiation using the M1 closure scheme. Our fiducial disk is MAD out to a radius of ~16R_g and the majority of the total ~13% efficiency of the accretion flow is carried by a magnetically driven wind. We find that the radiative efficiency is slightly suppressed compared to NT, contrary to prior MAD GRMHD simulations with an ad hoc cooling function, but it is unclear how much of the radiation and thermal energy trapped in the outflows could ultimately escape.
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Nagendra Kumar
, Banibrata Mukhopadhyay (Department of Physics
, n Indian Institute of Science
2021
Many astrophysical sources, e.g., cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei, exhibit a wind outflow, when they reveal a multicolor blackbody spectrum, hence harboring a geometrically thin Keplerian accretion disk. Unlike an advective disk, in the thin disk, the physical environment, like, emission line, external heating, is expected to play a key role to drive the wind outflow. We show the wind outflow in a thin disk attributing a disk irradiation effect, probably from the inner to outer disks. We solve the set of steady, axisymmetric disk model equations in cylindrical coordinates along the vertical direction for a given launching radius $(r)$ from the midplane, introducing irradiation as a parameter. We obtain an acceleration solution, for a finite irradiation in the presence of a fixed but tiny initial vertical velocity (hence thin disk properties practically do not alter) at the midplane, upto a maximum height ($z^{max}$). We find that wind outflow mainly occurs from the outer region of the disk and its density decreases with increasing launching radius, and for a given launching radius with increasing ejection height. Wind power decreases with increasing ejection height. For $z^{max} < 2r$, wind outflow is ejected tangentially (or parallel to the disk midplane) in all directions with the fluid speed same as the azimuthal speed. This confirms mainly, for low mass X-ray binaries, (a) wind outflow should be preferentially observed in high-inclination sources, (b) the expectation of red and blue shifted absorption lines.
Using the relativistic equations of radiation hydrodynamics in the viscous limit, we analyze the boundary layers that develop between radiation-dominated jets and their environments. In this paper we present the solution for the self-similar, 2-D, plane-parallel two-stream problem, wherein the jet and the ambient medium are considered to be separate, interacting fluids, and we compare our results to those of previous authors. (In a companion paper we investigate an alternative scenario, known as the free-streaming jet model.) Consistent with past findings, we show that the boundary layer that develops between the jet and its surroundings creates a region of low-density material. These models may be applicable to sources such as super-Eddington tidal disruption events and long gamma-ray bursts.
We use global three dimensional radiation magneto-hydrodynamic simulations to study the properties of inner regions of accretion disks around a 5times 10^8 solar mass black hole with mass accretion rates reaching 7% and 20% of the Eddington value. This region of the disk is supported by magnetic pressure with surface density significantly smaller than the values predicted by the standard thin disk model but with a much larger disk scale height. The disks do not show any sign of thermal instability over many thermal time scales. More than half of the accretion is driven by radiation viscosity in the optically thin corona region for the lower accretion rate case, while accretion in the optically thick part of the disk is driven by the Maxwell and Reynolds stresses from MRI turbulence. Coronae with gas temperatures > 10^8 K are generated only in the inner approx 10 gravitational radii in both simulations, being more compact in the higher accretion rate case. In contrast to the thin disk model, surface density increases with increasing mass accretion rate, which causes less dissipation in the optically thin region and a relatively weaker corona. The simulation results may explain the formation of X-ray coronae in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), the compact size of such coronae, and the observed trend of optical to X-ray luminosity with Eddington ratio for many AGNs.
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