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Register a new userApproaches to the Optimal Nonlinear Analysis of Microcalorimeter Pulses
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We consider how to analyze microcalorimeter pulses for quantities that are nonlinear in the data, while preserving the signal-to-noise advantages of lin- ear optimal filtering. We successfully apply our chosen approach to compute the electrothermal feedback energy deficit (the Joule energy) of a pulse, which has been proposed as a linear estimator of the deposited photon energy.
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Silicon drift detectors (SDDs) revolutionized spectroscopy in fields as diverse as geology and dentistry. For a subset of experiments at ultra-fast, x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), SDDs can make substantial contributions. Often the unknown spectrum is interesting, carrying science data, or the background measurement is useful to identify unexpected signals. Many measurements involve only several discrete photon energies known a priori, allowing single event decomposition of pile-up and spectroscopic photon counting. We designed a pulse function and demonstrated that the signal amplitude and rise time are obtained for each pulse by fitting, thus removing the need for pulse shaping. By avoiding pulse shaping, rise times of tens of nanoseconds resulted in reduced pulse pile-up and allowed decomposition of remaining pulse pile-up at photon separation times down to hundreds of nanoseconds while yielding time-of-arrival information with precision of 10 nanoseconds. Waveform fitting yields simultaneously high energy resolution and high counting rates (2 orders of magnitude higher than current digital pulse processors). We showed that pile-up spectrum fitting is relatively simple and preferable to pile-up spectrum deconvolution. We developed a photon pile-up statistical model for constant intensity sources, extended it to variable intensity sources (typical for FELs) and used it to fit a complex pile-up spectrum. We subsequently developed a Bayesian pile-up decomposition method that allows decomposing pile-up of single events with up to 6 photons from 6 monochromatic lines with 99% accuracy. The usefulness of SDDs will continue into the x-ray FEL era of science. Their successors, the ePixS hybrid pixel detectors, already offer hundreds of pixels, each with similar performance to an SDD, in a compact, robust and affordable package
Acquisition and analysis of time-tagged events is a ubiquitous tool in scientific and industrial applications. With increasing time resolution, number of input channels, and acquired events, the amount of data can be overwhelming for standard processing techniques. We developed the Extensible Time-tag Analyzer (ETA), a powerful and versatile, yet easy to use software to efficiently analyze and display time-tagged data. Our tool allows for flexible extraction of correlation from time-tagged data beyond start-stop measurements that were traditionally used. A combination of state diagrams and simple code snippets allows for analysis of arbitrary complexity while keeping computational efficiency high.
In recent years, irrigations have been built on dry areas in Majes-Arequipa. Over time, the irrigations water forms moist areas in lower areas, which can have positive or negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to know in advance where the water from the new irrigation will appear. The limited availability of real-time satellite image data is still a hindrance to some applications. Data from NOAAs environmental satellites are available fee and license free. In order to receive data, users must obtain necessary equipment. In this work we present a satellite data acquisition system with an RTL SDR receiver, two 137-138 Mhz designed antennas, Orbitron, SDRSharp, WXTolmag and MatLab software. We have designed two antennas, a Turnstile Crossed dipole antenna with Balun and a quadrifilar helicoidal antenna. The antennas parameter measurements show very good correspondence with those obtained by simulation. The RTL SDR RTL2832U receiver, combined with our antennas and software, forms the system for recording, decoding, editing and displaying Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) signals. The results show that the satellite image receptions are sufficiently clear and descriptive for further analysis.
Primary power standards in the microwave domain are realized using a calorimetric technique, usually identified with the used measurement system, i.e., the microcalorimeter. It is adjusted for measurement of power ratios with a relative accuracy that, after an appropriate system calibration, is of order of 10^-3, at least in the microwave domain (1 GHz-18 GHz). Hereby we describe the calibration process implemented at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (Italy) for realizing a coaxial power standard based on indirect heating thermocouples. Particular regard is devoted to describe the nearly ideal thermal load used for determining the microcalorimeter losses and their influence on the measurand accuracy.
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is designed to study neutrino mass hierarchy and measure three of the neutrino oscillation parameters with high precision using reactor antineutrinos. It is also able to study many other physical phenomena, including supernova neutrinos, solar neutrinos, geo-neutrinos, atmosphere neutrinos, and so forth. The central detector of JUNO contains 20,000~tons of liquid scintillator (LS) and about 18,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which is the largest liquid scintillator one under construction in the world up today. The energy resolution is expected to be 3%/$sqrt{E(MeV)}$. To meet the requirements of the experiment, an algorithm of vertex reconstruction, which takes into account time and charge information of PMTs, has been developed by deploying the maximum likelihood method and well understanding the complicated optical processes in the liquid scintillator.
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