The small-x gluon distribution in centrality biased pA and pp collisions

The nuclear modification factor $R_{pA}(p_T)$ provides information on the small-$x$ gluon distribution of a nucleus at hadron colliders. Several experiments have recently measured the nuclear modification factor not only in minimum bias but also for central $pA$ collisions. In this paper we analyze the bias on the configurations of soft gluon fields introduced by a centrality selection via the number of hard particles. Such bias can be viewed as reweighting of configurations of small-$x$ gluons. We find that the biased nuclear modification factor ${cal Q}_{pA}(p_T)$ for central collisions is above $R_{pA}(p_T)$ for minimum bias events, and that it may redevelop a Cronin peak even at small $x$. The magnitude of the peak is predicted to increase approximately like $1/{A_{perp}}^ u$, $ usim0.6pm0.1$, if one is able to select more compact configurations of the projectile proton where its gluons occupy a smaller transverse area $A_perp$. We predict an enhanced ${cal Q}_{pp}(p_T)-1 sim 1/(p_T^2)^ u$ and a Cronin peak even for central $pp$ collisions.