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Register a new userThe first continuous optical monitoring of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 with Kepler
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We report on the first continuous, 80 day optical monitoring of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 carried out in mid-2017 with Kepler in the K2 configuration, when an X-ray subluminous accretion disk was present in the binary. Flares lasting from minutes to 14 hr were observed for 15.6% of the time, which is a larger fraction than previously reported on the basis of X-ray and past optical observations, and more frequently when the companion was at the superior conjunction of the orbit. A sinusoidal modulation at the binary orbital period was also present with an amplitude of ~16%, which varied by a few percent over timescales of days, and with a maximum that took place 890 +/- 85 s earlier than the superior conjunction of the donor. We interpret these phenomena in terms of reprocessing of the X-ray emission by an asymmetrically heated companion star surface and/or a non-axisymmetric outflow possibly launched close to the inner Lagrangian point. Furthermore, the non-flaring average emission varied by up to ~ 40% over a time scale of days in the absence of correspondingly large variations of the irradiating X-ray flux. The latter suggests that the observed changes in the average optical luminosity might be due to variations of the geometry, size, and/or mass accretion rate in the outer regions of the accretion disk.
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We present a timing analysis of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 using observations taken between January 2018 and January 2020 with the high time resolution photon counter Aqueye+ mounted at the 1.82 m Copernicus telescope in Asiago. We report the first measurement of the timing solution and the frequency derivative of PSR J1023+0038 based entirely on optical data. The spin-down rate of the pulsar is $(-2.53 pm 0.04) times 10^{-15}$ Hz$^2$, which is $sim$20% slower than that measured from the X-ray observations taken in 2013-2016 and $sim$5% faster than that measured in the radio band during the rotation-powered state.
We report the first detection of an optical millisecond pulsar with the fast photon counter Aqueye+ in Asiago. This is an independent confirmation of the detection of millisecond pulsations from PSR J1023+0038 obtained with SiFAP at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We observed the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 with Aqueye+ mounted at the Copernicus telescope in January 2018. Highly significant pulsations were detected. The rotational period is in agreement with the value extrapolated from the X-ray ephemeris, while the time of passage at the ascending node is shifted by $11.55 pm 0.08$ s from the value predicted using the orbital period from the X-rays. An independent optical timing solution is derived over a baseline of a few days, that has an accuracy of $sim 0.007$ in pulse phase ($sim 12$ $mu$s in time). This level of precision is needed to derive an accurate coherent timing solution for the pulsar and to search for possible phase shifts between the optical and X-ray pulses using future simultaneous X-ray and optical observations.
We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared (IR) photometry of the millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 during its low-mass X-ray binary phase. The r- and K_s-band light curves show rectangular, flat-bottomed dips, similar to the X-ray mode-switching (active-passive state transitions) behaviour observed previously. The cross-correlation function (CCF) of the optical and near-IR data reveals a strong, broad negative anti-correlation at negative lags, a broad positive correlation at positive lags, with a strong, positive narrow correlation superimposed. The shape of the CCF resembles the CCF of black hole X-ray binaries but the time-scales are different. The features can be explained by reprocessing and a hot accretion flow close to the neutron stars magnetospheric radius. The optical emission is dominated by the reprocessed component, whereas the near-IR emission contains the emission from plasmoids in the hot accretion flow and a reprocessed component. The rapid active-passive state transition occurs when the hot accretion flow material is channelled onto the neutron star and is expelled from its magnetosphere. During the transition the optical reprocessing component decreases resulting in the removal of a blue spectral component. The accretion of clumpy material through the magnetic barrier of the neutron star produces the observed near-IR/optical CCF and variability. The dip at negative lags corresponds to the suppression of the near-IR synchrotron component in the hot flow, whereas the broad positive correlation at positive lags is driven by the increased synchrotron emission of the outflowing plasmoids. The narrow peak in the CCF is due to the delayed reprocessed component, enhanced by the increased X-ray emission.
We present time-resolved optical spectroscopy of the `redback binary millisecond pulsar system PSR J1023+0038 during both its radio pulsar (2009) and accretion disc states (2014 and 2016). We provide observational evidence for the companion star being heated during the disc-state. We observe a spectral type change along the orbit, from G5 to F6 at the secondary stars superior and inferior conjunction, respectively, and find that the corresponding irradiating luminosity can be powered by the high energy accretion luminosity or the spin-down luminosity of the neutron star. We determine the secondary stars radial velocity semi-amplitude from the metallic (primarily Fe and Ca) and Halpha absorption lines during these different states. The metallic and Halpha radial velocity semi-amplitude determined from the 2009 pulsar-state observations allows us to constrain the secondary stars true radial velocity K_2=276.3+/-5.6 km/s and the binary mass ratio q=0.137+/-0.003. By comparing the observed metallic and Halpha absorption-line radial velocity semi-amplitudes with model predictions, we can explain the observed semi-amplitude changes during the pulsar-state and during the pulsar/disc-state transition as being due to different amounts of heating and the presence of an accretion disc, respectively.
The discovery of millisecond pulsars switching between states powered either by the rotation of their magnetic field or by the accretion of matter, has recently proved the tight link shared by millisecond radio pulsars and neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries. Transitional millisecond pulsars also show an enigmatic intermediate state in which the neutron star is surrounded by an accretion disk, it emits coherent X-ray pulsations, but is sub-luminous in X-rays with respect to accreting neutron stars, and is brighter in gamma-rays than millisecond pulsars in the rotation-powered state. Here, we model the X-ray and gamma-ray emission observed from PSR J1023+0038 in such a state based on the assumption that most of the disk in-flow is propelled away by the rapidly rotating neutron star magnetosphere, and that electrons can be accelerated to energies of a few GeV at the turbulent disk-magnetosphere boundary. We show that the synchrotron and self-synchrotron Compton emission coming from such a region, together with the hard disk emission typical of low states of accreting compact objects, is able to explain the radiation observed in the X-ray and gamma-ray band. The average emission observed from PSR J1023+0038 is modelled by a disk in-flow with a rate of $(1-3)times10^{-11} M_{odot}/yr$, truncated at a radius ranging between 30 and 45 km, compatible with the hypothesis of a propelling magnetosphere. We compare the results we obtained with models that rather assume that a rotation-powered pulsar is turned on, showing how the spin down power released in similar scenarios is hardly able to account for the magnitude of the observed emission.
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