No Arabic abstract
Infrared detection and sensing is deeply embedded in modern technology and human society and its development has always been benefitting from the discovery of new photoelectric response materials. The rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials, thanks to their distinct electronic structure, extreme dimensional confinement and strong light-matter interactions, provides new material platform for next-generation infrared photodetection. Ideal infrared detectors should have fast respond, high sensitivity and air-stability, which is rare to meet at the same time for all existing 2D materials, either graphene, transition metal dichalcogenide or black phosphorous. Herein we demonstrate a new infrared photodetector based on 2D Bi2O2Se crystals, whose main characteristics are superb in the whole 2D family: high sensitivity of ~65 A/W at 1200 nm and ultrafast intrinsic photoresponse of ~1 ps at room temperature. Such great performance is attributed to the suitable electronic bandgap and high carrier mobility of 2D oxyselenide. With additional merits of mass production, excellent stability and flexibility, 2D oxyselenide detectors should open new avenues in highly-sensitive, high-speed, low-cost, flexible infrared photodetection and imaging.
We calculate the characteristics of interband HgTe-CdHgTe quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). Due to a small probability of the electron capture into the QWs, the interband HgTe-CdHgTe QWIPs can exhibit very high photoconductive gain. Our analysis demonstrates significant potential advantages of these devices compared to the conventional CdHgTe photodetectors and the A$_3$B$_5$ heterostructures.
The design and fabrication of phononic crystals (PnCs) hold the key to control the propagation of heat and sound at the nanoscale. However, there is a lack of experimental studies addressing the impact of order/disorder on the phononic properties of PnCs. Here, we present a comparative investigation of the influence of disorder on the hypersonic and thermal properties of two-dimensional PnCs. PnCs of ordered and disordered lattices are fabricated of circular holes with equal filling fractions in free-standing Si membranes. Ultrafast pump and probe spectroscopy (asynchronous optical sampling) and Raman thermometry based on a novel two-laser approach are used to study the phononic properties in the gigahertz (GHz) and terahertz (THz) regime, respectively. Finite element method simulations of the phonon dispersion relation and three-dimensional displacement fields furthermore enable the unique identification of the different hypersonic vibrations. The increase of surface roughness and the introduction of short-range disorder are shown to modify the phonon dispersion and phonon coherence in the hypersonic (GHz) range without affecting the room-temperature thermal conductivity. On the basis of these findings, we suggest a criteria for predicting phonon coherence as a function of roughness and disorder.
The combination of graphene with semiconductor materials in heterostructure photodetectors, has enabled amplified detection of femtowatt light signals using micron-scale electronic devices. Presently, the speed of such detectors is limited by long-lived charge traps and impractical strategies, e.g. the use of large gate voltage pulses, have been employed to achieve bandwidths suitable for applications, such as video-frame-rate imaging. Here, we report atomically thin graphene-WS$_2$ heterostructure photodetectors encapsulated in an ionic polymer, which are uniquely able to operate at bandwidths up to 1.5 kHz, whilst maintaining internal gain as large as $10^6$. Highly mobile ions and a nanometre scale Debye length of the ionic polymer are used to screen charge traps and tune the Fermi level of graphene over an unprecedented range at the interface with WS$_2$. We observe a responsivity $R=10^6$ A W$^{-1}$ and detectivity $D^*=3.8times10^{11}$ Jones, approaching that of single photon counters. The combination of both high responsivity and fast response times makes these photodetectors suitable for video-frame-rate imaging applications.
We present first-principles calculations of elastic properties of multilayered two-dimensional crystals such as graphene, h-BN and 2H-MoS2 which shows that their Poissons ratios along out-of-plane direction are negative, near zero and positive, respectively, spanning all possibilities for sign of the ratios. While the in-plane Poissons ratios are all positive regardless of their disparate electronic and structural properties, the characteristic interlayer interactions as well as layer stacking structures are shown to determine the sign of their out-of-plane ratios. Thorough investigation of elastic properties as a function of the number of layers for each system is also provided, highlighting their intertwined nature between elastic and electronic properties.
The electronic structure of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors can be significantly altered by screening effects, either from free charge carriers in the material itself, or by environmental screening from the surrounding medium. The physical properties of 2D semiconductors placed in a heterostructure with other 2D materials are therefore governed by a complex interplay of both intra- and inter-layer interactions. Here, using time- and angle-resolved photoemission, we are able to isolate both the layer-resolved band structure and, more importantly, the transient band structure evolution of a model 2D heterostructure formed of a single layer of MoS$_2$ on graphene. Our results reveal a pronounced renormalization of the quasiparticle gap of the MoS$_2$ layer. Following optical excitation, the band gap is reduced by up to $sim!$400 meV on femtosecond timescales due to a persistence of strong electronic interactions despite the environmental screening by the $n$-doped graphene. This points to a large degree of tuneability of both the electronic structure and electron dynamics for 2D semiconductors embedded in a van der Waals-bonded heterostructure.