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Register a new userDiscrete field theory: symmetries and conservation laws
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Mikhail Skopenkov
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We present a general algorithm constructing a discretization of a classical field theory from a Lagrangian. We prove a new discrete Noether theorem relating symmetries to conservation laws and an energy conservation theorem not based on any symmetry. This gives exact conservation laws for several discrete field theories: electrodynamics, gauge theory, Klein-Gordon and Dirac ones. In particular, we construct a conserved discrete energy-momentum tensor, approximating the continuum one at least for free fields. The theory is stated in topological terms, such as coboundary and products of cochains.
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Solid state systems with time reversal symmetry and/or particle-hole symmetry often only have $mathbb{Z}_2$-valued strong invariants for which no general local formula is known. For physically relevant values of the parameters, there may exist approximate symmetries or almost conserved observables, such as the spin in a quantum spin Hall system with small Rashba coupling. It is shown in a general setting how this allows to define robust integer-valued strong invariants stemming from the complex theory, such as the spin Chern numbers, which modulo $2$ are equal to the $mathbb{Z}_2$-invariants. Moreover, these integer invariants can be computed using twist
We carry out an extensive investigation of conservation laws and potential symmetries for the class of linear (1+1)-dimensional second-order parabolic equations. The group classification of this class is revised by employing admissible transformations, the notion of normalized classes of differential equations and the adjoint variational principle. All possible potential conservation laws are described completely. They are in fact exhausted by local conservation laws. For any equation from the above class the characteristic space of local conservation laws is isomorphic to the solution set of the adjoint equation. Effective criteria for the existence of potential symmetries are proposed. Their proofs involve a rather intricate interplay between different representations of potential systems, the notion of a potential equation associated with a tuple of characteristics, prolongation of the equivalence group to the whole potential frame and application of multiple dual Darboux transformations. Based on the tools developed, a preliminary analysis of generalized potential symmetries is carried out and then applied to substantiate our construction of potential systems. The simplest potential symmetries of the linear heat equation, which are associated with single conservation laws, are classified with respect to its point symmetry group. Equations possessing infinite series of potential symmetry algebras are studied in detail.
When a gauge-natural invariant variational principle is assigned, to determine {em canonical} covariant conservation laws, the vertical part of gauge-natural lifts of infinitesimal principal automorphisms -- defining infinitesimal variations of sections of gauge-natural bundles -- must satisfy generalized Jacobi equations for the gauge-natural invariant Lagrangian. {em Vice versa} all vertical parts of gauge-natural lifts of infinitesimal principal automorphisms which are in the kernel of generalized Jacobi morphisms are generators of canonical covariant currents and superpotentials. In particular, only a few gauge-natural lifts can be considered as {em canonical} generators of covariant gauge-natural physical charges.
We prove that potential conservation laws have characteristics depending only on local variables if and only if they are induced by local conservation laws. Therefore, characteristics of pure potential conservation laws have to essentially depend on potential variables. This statement provides a significant generalization of results of the recent paper by Bluman, Cheviakov and Ivanova [J. Math. Phys., 2006, V.47, 113505]. Moreover, we present extensions to gauged potential systems, Abelian and general coverings and general foliated systems of differential equations. An example illustrating possible applications of proved statements is considered. A special version of the Hadamard lemma for fiber bundles and the notions of weighted jet spaces are proposed as new tools for the investigation of potential conservation laws.
In the classical Lagrangian approach to conservation laws of gauge-natural field theories a suitable (vector) density is known to generate the so--called {em conserved Noether currents}. It turns out that along any section of the relevant gauge--natural bundle this density is the divergence of a skew--symmetric (tensor) density, which is called a {em superpotential} for the conserved currents. We describe gauge--natural superpotentials in the framework of finite order variational sequences according to Krupka. We refer to previous results of ours on {em variational Lie derivatives} concerning abstra
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