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Register a new userThe LHCb Upgrade
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Authors
Lars Eklund
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The LHCb Experiment is preparing a detector upgrade fully exploit the flavour physics potential of the LHC. The whole detector will be read out at the full collision rate and the online event selection will be performed by a software trigger. This will increase the event yields by a facto 10 for muonic and a factor 20 for hadronic final states. Research towards the upgrade has started with the target to install the detector in 2018.
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The LHCb experiment will operate at a luminosity of $2times10^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ during LHC Run 3. At this rate the present readout and hardware Level-0 trigger become a limitation, especially for fully hadronic final states. In order to maintain a high signal efficiency the upgraded LHCb detector will deploy two novel concepts: a triggerless readout and a full software trigger.
The Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector is designed to detect decays of b- and c- hadrons for the study of CP violation and rare decays. At the end of the LHC Run 2, many of the LHCb measurements remained statistically dominated. In order to increase the trigger yield for purely hadronic channels, the hardware trigger will be removed, and the detector will be read out at 40 MHz. This, in combination with the five-fold increase in luminosity, requires radical changes to LHCbs electronics, and, in some cases, the replacement of entire sub-detectors with state-of-the-art detector technologies. The Vertex Locator (VELO) surrounding the interaction region is used to reconstruct the collision points (primary vertices) and decay vertices of long-lived particles (secondary vertices). The upgraded VELO will be composed of 52 modules placed along the beam axis divided into two retractable halves. The modules will each be equipped with 4 silicon hybrid pixel tiles, each read out by 3 VeloPix ASICs. The total output data rate anticipated for the whole detector will be around 1.6 Tbit/s. The highest occupancy ASICs will have pixel hit rates of approximately 900 Mhit/s, with the corresponding output data rate of 15 Gbit/s. The LHCb upgrade detector will be the first detector to read out at the full LHC rate of 40 MHz. The VELO upgrade will utilize the latest detector technologies to read out at this rate while maintaining the required radiation-hard profile and minimizing the detector material.
LHC will offer the opportunity of probing the mass scale of the electro-weak symmetry breaking. Thus we expect to uncover direct manifestations of physics beyond the Standard Model, which will raise new questions that may be elucidated by precision measurements of beauty and charm decays. The LHCb experiment is poised to pursue this ambitious program as soon as LHC turns on. An upgrade to enhance its physics sensitivity by at least one order of magnitude is critical to the completion of this study, as new physics effects may be subtle. A new vertex detector is a crucial element of this project. Important requirements are a radiation resistance up to a fluence of about 10$^{16} n_{eq} {rm cm}^{-2}$, and a front end electronics capable of delivering its event information to the back end receiver boards synchronously with the beam interactions, at 40 MHz.
The LHCb detector will be upgraded to make more efficient use of the available luminosity at the LHC in Run III and extend its potential for discovery. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors are key components of the LHCb detector for particle identification. In this paper we describe the setup and the results of tests in a charged particle beam, carried out to assess prototypes of the upgraded opto-electronic chain from the Multi-Anode PMT photosensor to the readout and data acquisition system.
An extensive sensor testing campaign is presented, dedicated to measuring the charge collection properties of prototype candidates for the Vertex Locator (VELO) detector for the upgraded LHCb experiment. The charge collection is measured with sensors exposed to fluences of up to $8 times 10^{15}~1~mathrm{,Mekern -0.1em V}~ mathrm{ ,n_{eq}}~{mathrm{ ,cm}}^{-2}$, as well as with nonirradiated prototypes. The results are discussed, including the influence of different levels of irradiation and bias voltage on the charge collection properties. Charge multiplication is observed on some sensors that were nonuniformly irradiated with 24 GeV protons, to the highest fluence levels. An analysis of the charge collection near the guard ring region is also presented, revealing significant differences between the sensor prototypes. All tested sensor variants succeed in collecting the minimum required charge of 6000 electrons after the exposure to the maximum fluence.
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