No Arabic abstract
The recently proposed large momentum effective theory (LaMET) of Ji has led to a burst of activity among lattice practitioners to perform and control the first pioneering calculations of the quasi-PDFs of the nucleon. These calculations represent approximations to the standard PDFs defined as correlation functions of fields with lightlike separation, being instead correlations along a longitudinal direction of the operator $gamma^z$; as such, they differ from standard PDFs by power-suppressed $1 big/ p^2_z$ corrections, becoming exact in the limit $p_z to infty$. Investigating the systematics of this behavior thus becomes crucial to understanding the validity of LaMET calculations. While this has been done using models for the nucleon, an analogous dedicated study has not been carried out for the $pi$ and $rho$ quark distribution functions. Using a constituent quark model, a systematic calculation is performed to estimate the size and $x$ dependence of the finite-$p_z$ effects in these quasi-PDFs, finding them to be potentially tamer for lighter mesons than for the collinear quasi-PDFs of the nucleon.
We show that quasi-PDFs may be treated as hybrids of PDFs and primordial rest-frame momentum distributions of partons. This results in a complicated convolution nature of quasi-PDFs that necessitates using large $p_3 sim 3$ GeV momenta to get reasonably close to the PDF limit. As an alternative approach, we propose to use pseudo-PDFs $P(x, z_3^2)$ that generalize the light-front PDFs onto spacelike intervals and are related to Ioffe-time distributions $M ( u, z_3^2)$, the functions of the Ioffe time $ u = p_3 z_3$ and the distance parameter $z_3^2$ with respect to which it displays perturbative evolution for small $z_3$. In this form, one may divide out the $z_3^2$ dependence coming from the primordial rest-frame distribution and from the problematic factor due to lattice renormalization of the gauge link. The $ u$-dependence remains intact and determines the shape of PDFs.
We discuss the physical nature of quasi-PDFs, especially the reasons for the strong nonperturbative evolution pattern which they reveal in actual lattice gauge calculations. We argue that quasi-PDFs may be treated as hybrids of PDFs and the rest-frame momentum distributions of partons. The latter is also responsible for the transverse momentum dependence of TMDs. The resulting convolution structure of quasi-PDFs necessitates using large probing momenta $p_3 gtrsim 3$ GeV to get reasonably close to the PDF limit. To deconvolute the rest-frame distribution effects, we propose to use a method based directly on the coordinate representation. We treat matrix elements $M(z_3,p_3)$ as distributions ${cal M} ( u, z_3^2)$ depending on the Ioffe-time $ u = p_3 z_3$ and the distance parameter $z_3^2$. The rest-frame spatial distribution is given by ${cal M} (0, z_3^2)$. Using the reduced Ioffe function ${mathfrak M} ( u, z_3^2) equiv {cal M} ( u, z_3^2)/ {cal M} (0, z_3^2)$ we divide out the rest frame effects,including the notorious link renormalization factors. The $ u$-dependence remains intact and determines the shape of PDFs in the small $z_3$ region. The residual $z_3^2$ dependence of the ${mathfrak M} ( u, z_3^2)$ is governed by perturbative evolution. The Fourier transform of ${cal M} ( u, z_3^2)$ produces pseudo-PDFs ${cal P}(x, z_3^2)$ that generalize the light-front PDFs onto spacelike intervals. On the basis of these findings we propose a new method for extraction of PDFs from lattice calculations.
Temperature dependence of pion and sigma-meson screening masses is evaluated by the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model with the entanglement vertex. We propose a practical way of calculating meson screening masses in the NJL-type effective models. The method based on the Pauli-Villars regularization solves the well-known difficulty that the evaluaton of screening masses is not easy in the NJL-type effective models.The PNJL model with the entanglement vertex and the Pauli-Villars regularization well reproduces lattice QCD results on temperature dependence of the chiral condensate and the Polyakov loop. The method is applied to analyze temperature dependence of pion screening mass calculated with state-of-the-art lattice simulations with success in reproducing the lattice QCD results.
We point out a problem of the phenomenological definition of the valence partons as the difference between the partons and antipartons in the context of the NNLO evolution equations. After demonstrating that the classification of the parton degrees of freedom (PDF) of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) are the same in the QCD path-intergral formulations of the hadronic tensor and the quasi-PDF with LaMET, we resolve the problem by showing that the proper definition of the valence should be in terms of those in the connected insertions only. We also prove that the strange partons appear as the disconnected sea in the nucleon.
The quasi-PDF approach provides a path to computing parton distribution functions (PDFs) using lattice QCD. This approach requires matrix elements of a power-divergent operator in a nucleon at high momentum and one generically expects discretization effects starting at first order in the lattice spacing $a$. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate that the continuum limit can be reliably taken and to understand the size and shape of lattice artifacts. In this work, we report a calculation of isovector unpolarized and helicity PDFs using lattice ensembles with $N_f=2+1+1$ Wilson twisted mass fermions, a pion mass of approximately 370 MeV, and three different lattice spacings. Our results show a significant dependence on $a$, and the continuum extrapolation produces a better agreement with phenomenology. The latter is particularly true for the antiquark distribution at small momentum fraction $x$, where the extrapolation changes its sign.