No Arabic abstract
We present average stellar population properties and dark matter halo masses of $z sim 2$ lya emitters (LAEs) from SED fitting and clustering analysis, respectively, using $simeq$ $1250$ objects ($NB387le25.5$) in four separate fields of $simeq 1$ deg$^2$ in total. With an average stellar mass of $10.2, pm, 1.8times 10^8 {mathrm M_odot}$ and star formation rate of $3.4, pm, 0.4 {mathrm M_odot} {rm yr^{-1}}$, the LAEs lie on an extrapolation of the star-formation main sequence (MS) to low stellar mass. Their effective dark matter halo mass is estimated to be $4.0_{-2.9}^{+5.1} times 10^{10} {mathrm M_odot}$ with an effective bias of $1.22^{+0.16}_{-0.18}$ which is lower than that of $z sim 2$ LAEs ($1.8, pm, 0.3$), obtained by a previous study based on a three times smaller survey area, with a probability of $96%$. However, the difference in the bias values can be explained if cosmic variance is taken into account. If such a low halo mass implies a low HI gas mass, this result appears to be consistent with the observations of a high lya escape fraction. With the low halo masses and ongoing star formation, our LAEs have a relatively high stellar-to-halo mass ratio (SHMR) and a high efficiency of converting baryons into stars. The extended Press-Schechter formalism predicts that at $z=0$ our LAEs are typically embedded in halos with masses similar to that of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC); they will also have similar SHMRs to the LMC, if their SFRs are largely suppressed after $z sim 2$ as some previous studies have reported for the LMC itself.
We have constructed an extended halo model (EHM) which relates the total stellar mass and star-formation rate (SFR) to halo mass (M_h). An empirical relation between the distribution functions of total stellar mass of galaxies and host halo mass, tuned to match the spatial density of galaxies over 0<z<2 and the clustering properties at z~0, is extended to include two different scenarios describing the variation of SFR on M_h. We also present new measurements of the redshift evolution of the average SFR for star-forming galaxies of different stellar mass up to z=2, using data from the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) for infrared-bright galaxies. Combining the EHM with the halo accretion histories from numerical simulations, we trace the stellar mass growth and star-formation history in halos spanning a range of masses. We find that: (1) The intensity of the star-forming activity in halos in the probed mass range has steadily decreased from z~2 to 0; (2) At a given epoch, halos in the mass range between a few times 10^{11} M_Sun and a few times 10^{12} M_Sun are the most efficient at hosting star formation; (3) The peak of SFR density shifts to lower mass halos over time; (4) Galaxies that are forming stars most actively at z~2 evolve into quiescent galaxies in todays group environments, strongly supporting previous claims that the most powerful starbursts at z~2 are progenitors of todays elliptical galaxies.
We study the dependence of angular two-point correlation functions on stellar mass ($M_{*}$) and specific star formation rate (sSFR) of $M_{*}>10^{10}M_{odot}$ galaxies at $zsim1$. The data from UKIDSS DXS and CFHTLS covering 8.2 deg$^{2}$ sample scales larger than 100 $h^{-1}$Mpc at $zsim1$, allowing us to investigate the correlation between clustering, $M_{*}$, and star formation through halo modeling. Based on halo occupation distributions (HODs) of $M_{*}$ threshold samples, we derive HODs for $M_{*}$ binned galaxies, and then calculate the $M_{*}/M_{rm halo}$ ratio. The ratio for central galaxies shows a peak at $M_{rm halo}sim10^{12}h^{-1}M_{odot}$, and satellites predominantly contribute to the total stellar mass in cluster environments with $M_{*}/M_{rm halo}$ values of 0.01--0.02. Using star-forming galaxies split by sSFR, we find that main sequence galaxies ($rm log,sSFR/yr^{-1}sim-9$) are mainly central galaxies in $sim10^{12.5} h^{-1}M_{odot}$ haloes with the lowest clustering amplitude, while lower sSFR galaxies consist of a mixture of both central and satellite galaxies where those with the lowest $M_{*}$ are predominantly satellites influenced by their environment. Considering the lowest $M_{rm halo}$ samples in each $M_{*}$ bin, massive central galaxies reside in more massive haloes with lower sSFRs than low mass ones, indicating star-forming central galaxies evolve from a low $M_{*}$--high sSFR to a high $M_{*}$--low sSFR regime. We also find that the most rapidly star-forming galaxies ($rm log,sSFR/yr^{-1}>-8.5$) are in more massive haloes than main sequence ones, possibly implying galaxy mergers in dense environments are driving the active star formation. These results support the conclusion that the majority of star-forming galaxies follow secular evolution through the sustained but decreasing formation of stars.
We are undertaking a search for high-redshift low luminosity Lyman Alpha sources in the SHARDS survey. Among the pre-selected Lyman Alpha sources 2 candidates were spotted, located 3.19 arcsec apart, and tentatively at the same redshift. Here we report on the spectroscopic confirmation with GTC of the Lyman Alpha emission from this pair of galaxies at a confirmed spectroscopic redshifts of z=5.07. Furthermore, one of the sources is interacting/merging with another close companion that looks distorted. Based on the analysis of the spectroscopy and additional photometric data, we infer that most of the stellar mass of these objects was assembled in a burst of star formation 100 Myr ago. A more recent burst (2 Myr old) is necessary to account for the measured Lyman Alpha flux. We claim that these two galaxies are good examples of Lyman Alpha sources undergoing episodic star formation. Besides, these sources very likely constitute a group of interacting Lyman Alpha emitters (LAEs).
The NGC 1052 group, and in particular the discovery of two ultra diffuse galaxies with very low internal velocity dispersions, has been the subject of much attention recently. Here we present radial velocities for a sample of 77 globular clusters associated with NGC 1052 obtained on the Keck telescope. Their mean velocity and velocity dispersion are consistent with that of the host galaxy. Using a simple tracer mass estimator, we infer the enclosed dynamical mass and dark matter fraction of NGC 1052. Extrapolating our measurements with an NFW mass profile we infer a total halo mass of 6.2 ($pm$0.2) $times$ 10$^{12}$ M$_{odot}$. This mass is fully consistent with that expected from the stellar mass--halo mass relation, suggesting that NGC 1052 has a normal dark matter halo mass (i.e. it is not deficient in dark matter in contrast to two ultra diffuse galaxies in the group). We present a phase space diagram showing the galaxies that lie within the projected virial radius (390 kpc) of NGC 1052. Finally, we briefly discuss the two dark matter deficient galaxies (NGC 1052--DF and DF4) and consider whether MOND can account for their low observed internal velocity dispersions.
We use a robust sample of 11 z~7 galaxies (z-dropouts) to estimate the stellar mass density of the universe when it was only ~750 Myr old. We combine the very deep optical to near-Infrared photometry from the HST ACS and NICMOS cameras with mid-Infrared Spitzer IRAC imaging available through the GOODS program. After carefully removing the flux from contaminating foreground sources we have obtained reliable photometry in the 3.6 and 4.5 micron IRAC channels. The spectral shapes of these sources, including their rest frame optical colors, strongly support their being at z~7 with a mean photometric redshift of <z>=7.2+/-0.5. We use Bruzual & Charlot (2003) synthetic stellar population models to constrain their stellar masses and star formation histories. We find stellar masses that range over 0.1 -12x10^9 M_sol and average ages from 20 Myr to up to 425 Myr with a mean of ~300 Myr, suggesting that in some of these galaxies most of the stars were formed at z>8 (and probably at z>~10). The best fits to the observed SEDs are consistent with little or no dust extinction, in agreement with recent results at z~4-8. The star formation rates (SFR) are in the range from 5-20 M_sol/yr. From this sample we measure a stellar mass density of 6.6_{-3.3}^{+5.4}x10^5 M_sol/Mpc^3 to a limit of M_{UV,AB}<-20 (or 0.4 L*(z=3)). Combined with a fiducial lower limit for their ages (80 Myr) this implies a maximum SFR density of 0.008 M_sol/yr/Mpc^3. This is well below the critical level needed to reionize the universe at z~8 using standard assumptions. However, this result is based on luminous sources (>L*) and does not include the dominant contribution of the fainter galaxies. Strikingly, we find that the specific SFR is constant from z~7 to z~2 but drops substantially at more recent times.