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Register a new userCombinatorial proofs of some properties of tangent and Genocchi numbers
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The tangent number $T_{2n+1}$ is equal to the number of increasing labelled complete binary trees with $2n+1$ vertices. This combinatorial interpretation immediately proves that $T_{2n+1}$ is divisible by $2^n$. However, a stronger divisibility property is known in the studies of Bernoulli and Genocchi numbers, namely, the divisibility of $(n+1)T_{2n+1}$ by $2^{2n}$. The traditional proofs of this fact need significant calculations. In the present paper, we provide a combinatorial proof of the latter divisibility by using the hook length formula for trees. Furthermore, our method is extended to $k$-ary trees, leading to a new generalization of the Genocchi numbers.
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Sequences of Genocchi numbers of the first and second kind are considered. For these numbers, an approach based on their representation using sequences of polynomials is developed. Based on this approach, for these numbers some identities generalizing the known identities are constructed.
We study the generating function of descent numbers for the permutations with descent pairs of prescribed parities, the distribution of which turns out to be a refinement of median Genocchi numbers. We prove the $gamma$-positivity for the polynomial and derive the generating function for the $gamma$-vectors, expressed in the form of continued fraction. We also come up with an artificial statistic that gives a $q$-analogue of the $gamma$-positivity for the permutations with descents only allowed from an odd value to an odd value.
Recently, Lazar and Wachs (arXiv:1910.07651) showed that the (median) Genocchi numbers play a fundamental role in the study of the homogenized Linial arrangement and obtained two new permutation models (called D-permutations and E-permutations) for (median) Genocchi numbers. They further conjecture that the distributions of cycle numbers over the two models are equal. In a follow-up, Eu et al. (arXiv:2103.09130) further proved the gamma-positivity of the descent polynomials of even-odd descent permutations, which are in bijection with E-permutations by Foatas fundamental transformation. This paper merges the above two papers by considering a general moment sequence which encompasses the number of cycles and number of drops of E-permutations. Using the combinatorial theory of continued fraction, the moment connection enables us to confirm Lazar-Wachs conjecture and obtain a natural $(p,q)$-analogue of Eu et als descent polynomials. Furthermore, we show that the $gamma$-coefficients of our $(p,q)$-analogue of descent polynomials have the same factorization flavor as the $gamma$-coeffcients of Brandens $(p,q)$-Eulerian polynomials.
In this expository note we present simple proofs of the lower bound of Ramsey numbers (Erdos theorem), and of the estimation of discrepancy. Neither statements nor proofs require any knowledge beyond high-school curriculum (except a minor detail). Thus they are accessible to non-specialists, in particular, to students. Our exposition is simpler than the standard exposition because no probabilistic language is used. In order to prove the existence of a `good object we prove that the number of `bad objects is smaller than the number of all objects.
Generalizing the concept of a perfect number is a Zumkeller or integer perfect number that was introduced by Zumkeller in 2003. The positive integer $n$ is a Zumkeller number if its divisors can be partitioned into two sets with the same sum, which will be $sigma(n)/2$. Generalizing even further, we call $n$ a $k$-layered number if its divisors can be partitioned into $k$ sets with equal sum. In this paper, we completely characterize Zumkeller numbers with two distinct prime factors and give some bounds for prime factorization in case of Zumkeller numbers with more than two distinct prime factors. We also characterize $k$-layered numbers with two distinct prime factors and even $k$-layered numbers with more than two distinct odd prime factors. Some other results concerning these numbers and their relationship with practical numbers and Harmonic mean numbers are also discussed.
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