Physical processes thatobtain, process, and erase information involve tradeoffs between information and energy. The fundamental energetic value of a bit of information exchanged with a reservoir at temperature T is kT ln2. This paper investigates the situation in which information is missing about just what physical process is about to take place. The fundamental energetic value of such information can be far greater than kT ln2 per bit.
Amyloid precursor with 770 amino acids dimerizes and aggregates, as do its c terminal 99 amino acids and amyloid 40,42 amino acids fragments. The titled question has been discussed extensively, and here it is addressed further using thermodynamic scaling theory to analyze mutational trends in structural factors and kinetics. Special attention is given to Family Alzheimers Disease mutations outside amyloid 42. The scaling analysis is connected to extensive docking simulations which included membranes, thereby confirming their results and extending them to Amyloid precursor.
Encoding information in the position of single photons has no known limits, given infinite resources. Using a heralded single-photon source and a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), we steer single photons to specific positions in a virtual grid on a large-area spatially resolving photon-counting detector (ICCD). We experimentally demonstrate selective addressing any location (symbol) in a 9072 size grid (alphabet) to achieve 10.5 bit of mutual information between the sender and receiver per detected photon. Our results set the stage for very-high-dimensional quantum information processing.
We analyze complex networks under random matrix theory framework. Particularly, we show that $Delta_3$ statistic, which gives information about the long range correlations among eigenvalues, provides a qualitative measure of randomness in networks. As networks deviate from the regular structure, $Delta_3$ follows random matrix prediction of linear behavior, in semi-logarithmic scale with the slope of $1/pi^2$, for the longer scale.
The $rmLambda$CDM cosmological model is remarkable: with just 6 parameters it describes the evolution of the Universe from a very early time when all structures were quantum fluctuations on subatomic scales to the present, and it is consistent with a wealth of high-precision data, both laboratory measurements and astronomical observations. However, the foundation of $rmLambda$CDM involves physics beyond the standard model of particle physics: particle dark matter, dark energy and cosmic inflation. Until this `new physics is clarified, $rmLambda$CDM is at best incomplete and at worst a phenomenological construct that accommodates the data. I discuss the path forward, which involves both discovery and disruption, some grand challenges and finally the limits of scientific cosmology.