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Register a new userWISDOM Project - I: Black Hole Mass Measurement Using Molecular Gas Kinematics in NGC 3665
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As a part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM) project, we present an estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby fast-rotator early-type galaxy NGC 3665. We obtained Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) B and C array observations of the $^{12}$CO$(J=2-1)$ emission line with a combined angular resolution of $0.59$. We analysed and modelled the three-dimensional molecular gas kinematics, obtaining a best-fit SMBH mass $M_{rm BH}=5.75^{+1.49}_{-1.18} times 10^{8}$ $M_{odot}$, a mass-to-light ratio at $H$-band $(M/L)_{H}=1.45pm0.04$ $(M/L)_{odot, H}$, and other parameters describing the geometry of the molecular gas disc (statistical errors, all at $3sigma$ confidence). We estimate the systematic uncertainties on the stellar $M/L$ to be $approx0.2$ $(M/L)_{odot, H}$, and on the SMBH mass to be $approx0.4times10^{8}$ $M_{odot}$. The measured SMBH mass is consistent with that estimated from the latest correlations with galaxy properties. Following our older works, we also analysed and modelled the kinematics using only the major-axis position-velocity diagram, and conclude that the two methods are consistent.
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Supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses can be measured by resolving the dynamical influences of the SMBHs on spatially-resolved tracers of the central potentials. Modern long-baseline interferometers have enabled the use of molecular gas as such a tracer. We present here Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the elliptical galaxy NGC 7052 at 0.11 arcseconds (37 pc) resolution in the 12CO(2-1) line and 1.3mm continuum emission. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the region in which the potential is dominated by the SMBH. We forward model these observations, using a multi-Gaussian expansion of a Hubble Space Telescope F814W image and spatially-constant mass-to-light ratio to model the stellar mass distribution. We infer a SMBH mass of $2.5pm0.3times10^9,mathrm{M_odot}$ and a stellar I-band mass-to-light ratio of $4.6pm 0.2,mathrm{M_odot/L_{odot,I}}$ ($3sigma$ confidence intervals). This SMBH mass is significantly larger than that derived using ionised gas kinematics, which however appear significantly more kinematically disturbed than the molecular gas. We also show that a central molecular gas deficit is likely to be the result of tidal disruption of molecular gas clouds due to the strong gradient in the central gravitational potential.
We present high angular resolution (0.3 or 37 pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the CO(2-1) line emission from a central disc in the early-type galaxy NGC 524. This disc is shown to be dynamically relaxed, exhibiting ordered rotation about a compact 1.3mm continuum source, which we identify as emission from an active supermassive black hole (SMBH). There is a hole at the centre of the disc slightly larger than the SMBH sphere of influence. An azimuthal distortion of the observed velocity field is found to be due to either a position angle warp or radial gas flow over the inner 2.5. By forward-modelling the observations, we obtain an estimate of the SMBH mass of $4.0^{+3.5}_{-2.0}times10^8,mathrm{M_odot}$, where the uncertainties are at the $3sigma$ level. The uncertainties are dominated by the poorly constrained inclination and the stellar mass-to-light ratio of this galaxy, and our measurement is consistent with the established correlation between SMBH mass and stellar velocity dispersion. Our result is roughly half that of the previous stellar dynamical measurement, but is consistent within the uncertainties of both. We also present and apply a new tool for modelling complex molecular gas distributions.
As part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM) project, we present an estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby fast-rotating early-type galaxy NGC4697. This estimate is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle-3 observations of the 12CO(2-1) emission line with a linear resolution of 29 pc (0.53). We find that NGC4697 hosts a small relaxed central molecular gas disc with a mass of 1.6x10^7 Msun, co-spatial with the obscuring dust disc visible in optical Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. We also resolve thermal 1mm continuum emission from the dust in this disc. NGC4697 is found to have a very low molecular gas velocity dispersion, $sigma_{gas}=1.65^{+0.68}_{-0.65}$ km/s. This seems to be partially because the giant molecular cloud mass function is not fully sampled, but other mechanisms such as chemical differentiation in a hard radiation field or morphological quenching also seem to be required. We detect a Keplerian increase of the rotation of the molecular gas in the very centre of NGC4697, and use forward modelling of the ALMA data cube in a Bayesian framework with the KINematic Molecular Simulation (KinMS) code to estimate a SMBH mass of ($1.3_{-0.17}^{+0.18})times10^8$ Msun and an i-band mass-to-light ratio of $2.14_{-0.05}^{+0.04}$ Msun/Lsun (at the 99% confidence level). Our estimate of the SMBH mass is entirely consistent with previous measurements from stellar kinematics. This increases confidence in the growing number of SMBH mass estimates being obtained in the ALMA era.
As part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM) project we present an estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby fast-rotating early-type galaxy NGC4429, that is barred and has a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge. This estimate is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle-2 observations of the 12CO(3-2) emission line with a linear resolution of ~13 pc (018x014). NGC4429 has a relaxed, flocculent nuclear disc of molecular gas that is truncated at small radii, likely due to the combined effects of gas stability and tidal shear. The warm/dense 12CO(3-2) emitting gas is confined to the inner parts of this disc, likely again because the gas becomes more stable at larger radii, preventing star formation. The gas disc has a low velocity dispersion of 2.2$^{+0.68}_{-0.65}$ km/s. Despite the inner truncation of the gas disc, we are able to model the kinematics of the gas and estimate a mass of (1.5$pm0.1^{+0.15}_{-0.35}$)$times$10$^8$ Msun for the SMBH in NGC4429 (where the quoted uncertainties reflect the random and systematic uncertainties, respectively), consistent with a previous upper limit set using ionised gas kinematics. We confirm that the V-band mass-to-light ratio changes by ~30% within the inner 400 pc of NGC4429, as suggested by other authors. This SMBH mass measurement based on molecular gas kinematics, the sixth presented in the literature, once again demonstrates the power of ALMA to constrain SMBH masses.
As part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM), we present a measurement of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby early-type galaxy NGC 0383 (radio source 3C 031). This measurement is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-milimeter Array (ALMA) cycle 4 and 5 observations of the 12CO(2-1) emission line with a spatial resolution of 58x32pc2 (0.18x0.1). This resolution, combined with a channel width of 10 km/s, allows us to well resolve the radius of the black hole sphere of influence (measured as R_SOI = 316pc = 0.98), where we detect a clear Keplerian increase of the rotation velocities. NGC 0383 has a kinematically-relaxed, smooth nuclear molecular gas disc with weak ring/spiral features. We forward-model the ALMA data cube with the Kinematic Molecular Simulation (KinMS) tool and a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to measure a SMBH mass of (4.2+/-0.7)x10^9 Msun, a F160W-band stellar mass-to-light ratio that varies from 2.8+/-0.6 Msun/Lsun in the centre to 2.4+/-0.3 Msun/Lsun at the outer edge of the disc and a molecular gas velocity dispersion of 8.3+/-2.1 km/s (all 3-sigma uncertainties). We also detect unresolved continuum emission across the full bandwidth, consistent with synchrotron emission from an active galactic nucleus. This work demonstrates that low-J CO emission can resolve gas very close to the SMBH (~140,000 Schwarzschild radii) and hence that the molecular gas method is highly complimentary to megamaser observations as it can probe the same emitting material.
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