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Register a new userUpdating quasar bolometric luminosity corrections. III. [O III] bolometric corrections
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We present quasar bolometric corrections using the [O III] $lambda5007$ narrow emission line luminosity based on the detailed spectral energy distributions of 53 bright quasars at low to moderate redshift ($0.0345<z<1.0002$). We adopted two functional forms to calculate $L_{textrm{iso}}$, the bolometric luminosity determined under the assumption of isotropy: $L_{textrm{iso}}=A,L_{[O,III]}$ for comparison with the literature and log$(L_{iso})=B+C,$log$(L_{[O,III]})$, which better characterizes the data. We also explored whether Eigenvector 1, which describes the range of quasar spectral properties and quantifies their diversity, introduces scatter into the $L_{[O,III]}-L_{iso}$ relationship. We found that the [O III] bolometric correction can be significantly improved by adding a term including the equivalent width ratio $R_{Fe,II}equiv EW_{Fe,II}/EW_{Hbeta}$, which is an Eigenvector 1 indicator. Inclusion of $R_{Fe,II}$ in predicting $L_{iso}$ is significant at nearly the $3sigma$ level and reduces the scatter and systematic offset of the luminosity residuals. Typically, [O III] bolometric corrections are adopted for Type 2 sources where the quasar continuum is not observed and in these cases, $R_{Fe,II}$ cannot be measured. We searched for an alternative measure of Eigenvector 1 that could be measured in the optical spectra of Type 2 sources but were unable to identify one. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to present an improved [O III] bolometric correction based on measured bolometric luminosities and highlight the Eigenvector 1 dependence of the correction in Type 1 sources.
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The AGN bolometric correction is a key element to understand BH demographics and compute accurate BH accretion histories from AGN luminosities. However, current estimates still differ from each other by up to a factor of two to three, and rely on extrapolations at the lowest and highest luminosities. Here we revisit this fundamental issue presenting general hard X-ray ($K_{X}$) and optical ($K_{O}$) bolometric corrections, computed combining several AGN samples spanning the widest (about 7 dex) luminosity range ever used for this kind of studies. We analysed a total of $sim 1000$ type 1 and type 2 AGN for which a dedicated SED-fitting has been carried out. We provide a bolometric correction separately for type 1 and type 2 AGN; the two bolometric corrections results to be in agreement in the overlapping luminosity range and therefore, for the first time, a universal bolometric correction for the whole AGN sample (both type 1 and type 2) has been computed. We found that $K_{X}$ is fairly constant at $log(L_{BOL}/L_{odot}) < 11$, while it increases up to about one order of magnitude at $log(L_{BOL}/L_{odot}) sim 14.5$. A similar increasing trend has been observed when its dependence on either the Eddington ratio or the BH mass is considered, while no dependence on redshift up to $zsim3.5$ has been found. On the contrary, the optical bolometric correction appears to be fairly constant (i.e. $K_{O} sim 5$) whatever is the independent variable. We also verified that our bolometric corrections correctly predict the AGN bolometric luminosity functions. According to this analysis, our bolometric corrections can be applied to the whole AGN population in a wide range of luminosity and redshift.
In this paper, we provide updated constraints on the bolometric quasar luminosity function (QLF) from $z=0$ to $z=7$. The constraints are based on an observational compilation that includes observations in the rest-frame IR, B band, UV, soft and hard X-ray in past decades. Our method follows Hopkins et al. 2007 with an updated quasar SED model and bolometric and extinction corrections. The new best-fit bolometric quasar luminosity function behaves qualitatively different from the Hopkins et al. 2007 model at high redshift. Compared with the old model, the number density normalization decreases towards higher redshift and the bright-end slope is steeper at $zgtrsim 2$. Due to the paucity of measurements at the faint end, the faint end slope at $zgtrsim 5$ is quite uncertain. We present two models, one featuring a progressively steeper faint-end slope at higher redshift and the other featuring a shallow faint-end slope at $zgtrsim 5$. Further multi-band observations of the faint-end QLF are needed to distinguish between these models. The evolutionary pattern of the bolometric QLF can be interpreted as an early phase likely dominated by the hierarchical assembly of structures and a late phase likely dominated by the quenching of galaxies. We explore the implications of this model on the ionizing photon production by quasars, the CXB spectrum, the SMBH mass density and mass functions. The predicted hydrogen photoionization rate contributed by quasars is subdominant during the epoch of reionization and only becomes important at $zlesssim 3$. The predicted CXB spectrum, cosmic SMBH mass density and SMBH mass function are generally consistent with existing observations.
We present X-ray bolometric correction factors, $kappa_{Bol}$ ($equiv L_{Bol}/L_X$), for Compton-thick (CT) active galactic nuclei (AGN) with the aim of testing AGN torus models, probing orientation effects, and estimating the bolometric output of the most obscured AGN. We adopt bolometric luminosities, $L_{Bol}$, from literature infrared (IR) torus modeling and compile published intrinsic 2--10 keV X-ray luminosities, $L_{X}$, from X-ray torus modeling of NuSTAR data. Our sample consists of 10 local CT AGN where both of these estimates are available. We test for systematic differences in $kappa_{Bol}$ values produced when using two widely used IR torus models and two widely used X-ray torus models, finding consistency within the uncertainties. We find that the mean $kappa_{Bol}$ of our sample in the range $L_{Bol}approx10^{42}-10^{45}$ erg/s is log$_{10}kappa_{Bol}=1.44pm0.12$ with an intrinsic scatter of $sim0.2$ dex, and that our derived $kappa_{Bol}$ values are consistent with previously established relationships between $kappa_{Bol}$ and $L_{Bol}$ and $kappa_{Bol}$ and Eddington ratio. We investigate if $kappa_{Bol}$ is dependent on $N_H$ by comparing our results on CT AGN to published results on less-obscured AGN, finding no significant dependence. Since many of our sample are megamaser AGN, known to be viewed edge-on, and furthermore under the assumptions of AGN unification whereby unobscured AGN are viewed face-on, our result implies that the X-ray emitting corona is not strongly anisotropic. Finally, we present $kappa_{Bol}$ values for CT AGN identified in X-ray surveys as a function of their observed $L_X$, where an estimate of their intrinsic $L_{X}$ is not available, and redshift, useful for estimating the bolometric output of the most obscured AGN across cosmic time.
This paper presents a method to determine effective temperatures, angular semi-diameters and bolometric corrections for population I and II FGK type stars based on V and 2MASS IR photometry. Accurate calibration is accomplished by using a sample of solar analogues, whose average temperature is assumed to be equal to the solar effective temperature of 5777 K. By taking into account all possible sources of error we estimate associated uncertainties better than 1% in effective temperature and in the range 1.0-2.5% in angular semi-diameter for unreddened stars. Comparison of our new temperatures with other determinations extracted from the literature indicates, in general, remarkably good agreement. These results suggest that the effective temperaure scale of FGK stars is currently established with an accuracy better than 0.5%-1%. The application of the method to a sample of 10999 dwarfs in the Hipparcos catalogue allows us to define temperature and bolometric correction (K band) calibrations as a function of (V-K), [m/H] and log g. Bolometric corrections in the V and K bands as a function of effective temperature, [m/H] and log g are also given. We provide effective temperatures, angular semi-diameters, radii and bolometric corrections in the V and K bands for the 10999 FGK stars in our sample with the corresponding uncertainties.
The masses of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN) can be derived spectroscopically via virial mass estimators based on selected broad optical/ultraviolet emission lines. These estimates commonly use the line width as a proxy for the gas speed and the monochromatic continuum luminosity as a proxy for the radius of the broad line region. However, if the size of the broad line region scales with bolometric rather than monochromatic AGN luminosity, mass estimates based on different emission lines will show a systematic discrepancy which is a function of the color of the AGN continuum. This has actually been observed in mass estimates based on H-alpha / H-beta and C IV lines, indicating that AGN broad line regions indeed scale with bolometric luminosity. Given that this effect seems to have been overlooked as yet, currently used single-epoch mass estimates are likely to be biased.
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