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Magnetars are young and highly magnetized neutron stars which display a wide array of X-ray activity including short bursts, large outbursts, giant flares and quasi-periodic oscillations, often coupled with interesting timing behavior including enhanced spin-down, glitches and anti-glitches. The bulk of this activity is explained by the evolution and decay of an ultrastrong magnetic field, stressing and breaking the neutron star crust, which in turn drives twists of the external magnetosphere and powerful magnetospheric currents. The population of detected magnetars has grown to about 30 objects and shows unambiguous phenomenological connection with very highly magnetized radio pulsars. Recent progress in magnetar theory includes explanation of the hard X-ray component in the magnetar spectrum and development of surface heating models, explaining the sources remarkable radiative output.
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Two classes of X-ray/$gamma$-ray sources, the Soft Gamma Repeaters and the Anomalous X-ray Pulsars have been identified with isolated, slowly spinning magnetars, neutron stars whose emission draws energy from their extremely strong magnetic field ($sim 10^{15}-10^{16}$ G). Magnetars are believed to form with millisecond spin period and to represent an important fraction of the whole population of young neutron stars. Newborn magnetars can convert very quickly their rotational energy into electromagnetic and/or gravitational waves, by virtue of their strong magnetic fields and fast spins. This chapter provides a brief summary of astrophysical problems and scenarios in which millisecond magnetars are believed to play a key role: these include Gamma Ray Bursts, Supernovae, Gravitational Wave events and Fast Radio Bursts.
We consider the current observed ensemble of pulsing ultraluminous X-ray sources (PULXs). We show that all of their observed properties (luminosity, spin period, and spinup rate) are consistent with emission from magnetic neutron stars with fields in the usual range $10^{11} - 10^{13}, {rm G}$, which is collimated (`beamed) by the outflow from an accretion disc supplied with mass at a super-Eddington rate, but ejecting the excess, in the way familiar for other (non-pulsing) ULXs. The observed properties are inconsistent with magnetar-strength fields in all cases. We point out that all proposed pictures of magnetar formation suggest that they are unlikely to be members of binary systems, in agreement with the observation that all confirmed magnetars are single. The presence of magnetars in ULXs is therefore improbable, in line with our conclusions above.
We report on radio observations of five magnetars and two magnetar candidates carried out at 1950 MHz with the Green Bank Telescope in 2006-2007. The data from these observations were searched for periodic emission and bright single pulses. Also, monitoring observations of magnetar 4U0142+61 following its 2006 X-ray bursts were obtained. No radio emission was detected was detected for any of our targets. The non-detections allow us to place luminosity upper limits (at 1950 MHz) of approximately L < 1.60 mJy kpc^2 for periodic emission and L < 7.6 Jy kpc^2 for single pulse emission. These are the most stringent limits yet for the magnetars observed. The resulting luminosity upper limits together with previous results are discussed, as is the importance of further radio observations of radio-loud and radio-quiet magnetars.
We represent noise strength analysis of Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars (AXPs) 4U 0142+61, 1RXS J170849.9-400910, 1E 1841-045, 1E 2259+586 and Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs) SGR J1833-0832, SWIFT J1822.3-1606 and SWIFT J1834.9-0846 together with the X-Ray binaries GX 1+4 and 4U 1907+09 for comparison with accreting sources. Using our timing solutions, we extracted residuals of pulse arrival times after removal of spin down trends and we calculated assoicated noise strength of each source. Our preliminary results indicate that the noise strength is scaling up with spin-down rate. This indicates that, increase in spin-down rate leads to more torque noise on the magnetars. In addition, we present our analysis with Bayesian statistics on the previously reported transient QPO feature of 4U 1907+09.
Using emph{RXTE}, emph{Chandra}, emph{XMM-Newton} and emph{Swift} observations, we for the first time construct the power spectra and torque noise strengths of magnetars. For some of the sources, we measure strong red noise on timescales months to years which might be a consequence of their outbursts. We compare noise strengths of magnetars with those of radio pulsars by investigating possible correlations of noise strengths with spin-down rate, magnetic field and age. Using these correlations, we find that magnetar noise strengths are obeying similar trends with radio pulsars. On the contrary, we do not find any correlation between noise strength and X-ray luminosity which was seen in accretion powered pulsars. Our findings suggest that the noise behaviour of magnetars resembles that of radio pulsars but they possess higher noise levels likely due to their stronger magnetic fields.
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