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Register a new userSurface effects on ferromagnetic resonance in magnetic nanocubes
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We study the effect of surface anisotropy on the spectrum of spin-wave excitations in a magnetic nanocluster and compute the corresponding absorbed power. For this, we develop a general numerical method based on the (undamped) Landau-Lifshitz equation, either linearized around the equilibrium state leading to an eigenvalue problem or solved using a symplectic technique. For box-shaped clusters, the numerical results are favorably compared to those of the finite-size linear spin-wave theory. Our numerical method allows us to disentangle the contributions of the core and surface spins to the spectral weight and absorbed power. In regard to the recent developments in synthesis and characterization of assemblies of well defined nano-elements, we study the effects of free boundaries and surface anisotropy on the spin-wave spectrum in iron nanocubes and give orders of magnitude of the expected spin-wave resonances. For an 8 nm iron nanocube, we show that the absorbed power spectrum should exhibit a low-energy peak around 10 GHz, typical of the uniform mode, followed by other low-energy features that couple to the uniform mode but with a stronger contribution from the surface. There are also high-frequency exchange-mode peaks around 60 GHz.
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We demonstrate excitation of ferromagnetic resonance in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) by the combined action of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) and spin transfer torque (ST). Our measurements reveal that GHz-frequency VCMA torque and ST in low-resistance MTJs have similar magnitudes, and thus that both torques are equally important for understanding high-frequency voltage-driven magnetization dynamics in MTJs. As an example, we show that VCMA can increase the sensitivity of an MTJ-based microwave signal detector to the sensitivity level of semiconductor Schottky diodes.
We address the theory of the coupled lattice and magnetization dynamics of freely suspended single-domain nanoparticles. Magnetic anisotropy generates low-frequency satellite peaks in the microwave absorption spectrum and a blueshift of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency. The low-frequency resonances are very sharp with maxima exceeding that of the FMR, because their magnetic and mechanical precessions are locked, thereby suppressing Gilbert damping. Magnetic nanoparticles can operate as nearly ideal motors that convert electromagnetic into mechanical energy. The Barnett/Einstein-de Haas effect is significant even in the absence of a net rotation.
We develop an analytical approach for studying the FMR frequency shift due to dipolar interactions and surface effects in two-dimensional arrays of nanomagnets with (effective) uniaxial anisotropy along the magnetic field. For this we build a general formalism on the basis of perturbation theory that applies to dilute assemblies but which goes beyond the point-dipole approximation as it takes account of the size and shape of the nano-elements, in addition to their separation and spatial arrangement. The contribution to the frequency shift due to the shape and size of the nano-elements has been obtained in terms of their aspect ratio, their separation and the lattice geometry. We have also varied the size of the array itself and compared the results with a semi-analytical model and reached an agreement that improves as the size of the array increases. We find that the red-shift of the ferromagnetic resonance due to dipolar interactions decreases for smaller arrays. Surface effects may induce either a blue-shift or a red-shift of the FMR frequency, depending on the crystal and magnetic properties of the nano-elements themselves. In particular, some configurations of the nano-elements assemblies may lead to a full compensation between surface effects and dipole interactions.
We demonstrate a technique of broadband spin torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) with magnetic field modulation for measurements of spin wave properties in magnetic nanostructures. This technique gives great improvement in sensitivity over the conventional ST-FMR measurements, and application of this technique to nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) reveals a rich spectrum of standing spin wave eigenmodes. Comparison of the ST-FMR measurements with micromagnetic simulations of the spin wave spectrum allows us to explain the character of low-frequency magnetic excitations in nanoscale MTJs.
The dynamic magnetic susceptibility of magnetic materials near ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is very important in interpreting dc-voltage in electrical detection of FMR. Based on the causality principle and the assumption that the usual microwave absorption lineshape around FMR is Lorentzian, general forms of dynamic susceptibility of an arbitrary sample and the corresponding dc-voltage lineshape are obtained. Our main findings are: 1) The dynamic susceptibility is not a Polder tensor for material with arbitrary anisotropy. Two off-diagonal elements are not in general opposite to each other. However, the linear response coefficient of magnetization to total rf field is a Polder tensor. This may explain why two off-diagonal elements are always assumed to be opposite to each other in analyses. 2) The frequency dependence of dynamic susceptibility near FMR is fully characterized by six numbers while its field dependence is fully characterized by seven numbers. 3) A recipe of how to determine these numbers by standard microwave absorption measurements for an arbitrary sample is proposed. Our results allow one to unambiguously separate the contribution of the anisotropic magnetoresistance to dc-voltage from that of the anomalous Hall effect. With these results, one can reliably extract the information of spin pumping and the inverse spin Hall effect, and determine the spin-Hall angle. 4) The field-dependence of susceptibility matrix at a fixed frequency may have several peaks when the effective field is not monotonic of the applied field. In contrast, the frequency-dependence of susceptibility matrix at a fixed field has only one peak. Furthermore, in the case that resonance frequency is not sensitive to the applied field, the field dependence of susceptibility matrix, as well as dc-voltage, may have another non-resonance broad peak. Thus, one should be careful in interpreting observed peaks.
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