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Register a new userBaryon interactions in lattice QCD: the direct method vs. the HAL QCD potential method
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We make a detailed comparison between the direct method and the HAL QCD potential method for the baryon-baryon interactions, taking the $XiXi$ system at $m_pi= 0.51$ GeV in 2+1 flavor QCD and using both smeared and wall quark sources. The energy shift $Delta E_mathrm{eff}(t)$ in the direct method shows the strong dependence on the choice of quark source operators, which means that the results with either (or both) source are false. The time-dependent HAL QCD method, on the other hand, gives the quark source independent $XiXi$ potential, thanks to the derivative expansion of the potential, which absorbs the source dependence to the next leading order correction. The HAL QCD potential predicts the absence of the bound state in the $XiXi$($^1$S$_0$) channel at $m_pi= 0.51$ GeV, which is also confirmed by the volume dependence of finite volume energy from the potential. We also demonstrate that the origin of the fake plateau in the effective energy shift $Delta E_mathrm{eff}(t)$ at $t sim 1$ fm can be clarified by a few low-lying eigenfunctions and eigenvalues on the finite volume derived from the HAL QCD potential, which implies that the ground state saturation of $XiXi$($^1$S$_0$) requires $t sim 10$ fm in the direct method for the smeared source on $(4.3 mathrm{fm})^3$ lattice, while the HAL QCD method does not suffer from such a problem.
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In this article, we review the HAL QCD method to investigate baryon-baryon interactions such as nuclear forces in lattice QCD. We first explain our strategy in detail to investigate baryon-baryon interactions by defining potentials in field theories such as QCD. We introduce the Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave functions in QCD for two baryons below the inelastic threshold. We then define the potential from NBS wave functions in terms of the derivative expansion, which is shown to reproduce the scattering phase shifts correctly below the inelastic threshold. Using this definition, we formulate a method to extract the potential in lattice QCD. Secondly, we discuss pros and cons of the HAL QCD method, by comparing it with the conventional method, where one directly extracts the scattering phase shifts from the finite volume energies through the Luschers formula. We give several theoretical and numerical evidences that the conventional method combined with the naive plateau fitting for the finite volume energies in the literature so far fails to work on baryon-baryon interactions due to contaminations of elastic excited states. On the other hand, we show that such a serious problem can be avoided in the HAL QCD method by defining the potential in an energy-independent way. We also discuss systematics of the HAL QCD method, in particular errors associated with a truncation of the derivative expansion. Thirdly, we present several results obtained from the HAL QCD method, which include (central) nuclear force, tensor force, spin-orbital force, and three nucleon force. We finally show the latest results calculated at the nearly physical pion mass, $m_pi simeq 146$ MeV, including hyperon forces which lead to form $OmegaOmega$ and $NOmega$ dibaryons.
A comparative study between the Luschers finite volume method and the time-dependent HAL QCD method is given for the $XiXi$($^1mathrm{S}_0$) interaction as an illustrative example. By employing the smeared source and the wall source for the interpolating operators, we show that the effective energy shifts $Delta E_{rm eff} (t)$ in Luschers method do not agree between different sources, yet both exhibit fake plateaux. On the other hand, the interaction kernels $V(vec{r})$ obtained from the two sources in the HAL QCD method agree with each other already for modest values of $t$. We show that the energy eigenvalues $Delta E(L)$ in finite lattice volumes ($L^3$) calculated by $V(vec{r})$ indicate that there is no bound state in the $XiXi(^1mathrm{S}_0)$ channel at $m_{pi}=0.51$ GeV in 2+1 flavor QCD.
There exist two methods to study two-baryon systems in lattice QCD: the direct method which extracts eigenenergies from the plateaux of the temporal correlator and the HAL QCD method which extracts observables from the non-local potential associated with the tempo-spatial correlator. Although the two methods should give the same results theoretically, qualitatively different results have been reported. Recently, we pointed out that the separation of the ground state from the excited states is crucial to obtain sensible results in the former, while both states provide useful signals in the latter. In this paper, we identify the contribution of each state in the direct method by decomposing the two-baryon correlators into the finite-volume eigenmodes obtained from the HAL QCD method. We consider the $XiXi$ system in the $^1$S$_0$ channel at $m_pi = 0.51$ GeV in 2+1 flavor lattice QCD using the wall and smeared quark sources. We demonstrate that the pseudo-plateau at early time slices (t = 1~2 fm) from the smeared source in the direct method indeed originates from the contamination of the excited states, and the true plateau with the ground state saturation is realized only at t > 5~15 fm corresponding to the inverse of the lowest excitation energy. We also demonstrate that the two-baryon operator can be optimized by utilizing the finite-volume eigenmodes, so that (i) the finite-volume energy spectra from the HAL QCD method agree with those from the optimized temporal correlator and (ii) the correct spectra would be accessed in the direct method only if highly optimized operators are employed. Thus we conclude that the long-standing issue on the consistency between the Luschers finite volume method and the HAL QCD method for two baryons is now resolved: They are consistent with each other quantitatively only if the excited contamination is properly removed in the former.
Both direct and HAL QCD methods are currently used to study the hadron interactions in lattice QCD. In the direct method, the eigen-energy of two-particle is measured from the temporal correlation. Due to the contamination of excited states, however, the direct method suffers from the fake eigen-energy problem, which we call the mirage problem, while the HAL QCD method can extract information from all elastic states by using the spatial correlation. In this work, we further investigate systematic uncertainties of the HAL QCD method such as the quark source operator dependence, the convergence of the derivative expansion of the non-local interaction kernel, and the single baryon saturation, which are found to be well controlled. We also confirm the consistency between the HAL QCD method and the Luschers finite volume formula. Based on the HAL QCD potential, we quantitatively confirm that the mirage plateau in the direct method is indeed caused by the contamination of excited states.
We investigate how the derivative expansion in the HAL QCD method works to extract physical observables, using a separable potential in quantum mechanics, which is solvable but highly non-local in the coordinate system. We consider three cases for inputs to determine the HAL QCD potential in the derivative expansion, (1) energy eigenfunctions (2) time-dependent wave functions as solutions to the time dependent Schrodinger equation with some boundary conditions (3) time-dependent wave function made by a linear combination of finite number of eigenfunctions at low energy to mimic the finite volume effect. We have found that, for all three cases, the potentials provide reasonable scattering phase shifts even at the leading order of the derivative expansion, and they give more accurate results as the order of the expansion increases. By comparing the above results with those from the formal derivative expansion for the separable potential, we conclude that the derivative expansion is not a way to obtain the potential but a method to extract physical observables such as phase shifts and binding energies, and that the scattering phase shifts from the derivative expansion in the HAL QCD method converge to the exact ones much faster than those from the formal derivative expansion of the separable potential.
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