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Register a new userDouble polarisation experiments in meson photoproduction
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Jan Hartmann
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One of the remaining challenges within the standard model is to gain a good understanding of QCD in the non-perturbative regime. A key step towards this aim is baryon spectroscopy, investigating the spectrum and the properties of baryon resonances. To gain access to resonances with small $pi N$ partial width, photoproduction experiments provide essential information. Partial wave analyses need to be performed to extract the contributing resonances. Here, a complete experiment is required to unambiguously determine the contributing amplitudes. This involves the measurement of carefully chosen single and double polarisation observables. In a joint endeavour by MAMI, ELSA, and Jefferson Laboratory, a new generation of experiments with polarised beams, polarised proton and neutron targets, and $4pi$ particle detectors have been performed in recent years. Many results of unprecedented quality were recently published by all three experiments, and included by the various partial wave analysis groups in their analyses, leading to substantial improvements, e.g. a more precise determination of resonance parameters. An overview of recent results is given, with an emphasis on results from the CBELSA/TAPS experiment, and their impact on our understanding of the nucleon excitation spectrum is discussed.
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The first measurements of the beam-target-helicity-asymmetries $E$ and $G$ in the photoproduction of $omega$-mesons off protons at the CBELSA/TAPS experiment are reported. $E$ ($G$) was measured using circularly (linearly) polarised photons and a longitudinally polarised target. $E$ was measured over the photon energy range from close to threshold ($E_gamma = 1108$~MeV) to $E_gamma = 2300$~MeV and $G$ at a single energy interval of $1108 < E_gamma <1300$~MeV. Both measurements cover the full solid angle. The observables $E$ and $G$ are highly sensitive to the contribution of baryon resonances, with $E$ acting as a helicity filter in the $s$-channel. The new results indicate significant $s$-channel resonance contributions together with contributions from $t$-channel exchange processes. A partial wave analysis reveals strong contributions from the partial waves with spin-parity $J^P=3/2^+, 5/2^+$, and $3/2^-$.
By exploiting the underlying symmetries of the relative phases of the pseudoscalar meson photoproduction amplitude, we determine all the possible sets of four double-spin observables that resolve the phase ambiguity of the amplitude in transversity basis up to an overall phase. The present results corroborate the original findings by Chiang and Tabakin [Phys. Rev. C 55, 2054 (1997)]. However, it is found that the completeness condition of four double-spin observables to resolve the phase ambiguity holds only when the relative phases do not meet the condition of equal magnitudes. In situations where this condition occurs, it is shown that one needs extra chosen observables, resulting in the minimum number of observables required to resolve the phase ambiguity to reach up to eight, depending on the particular set of four double-spin observables considered. Furthermore, a way of gauging when the condition of equal magnitudes occurs is provided.
One of the remaining problems within the standard model is to gain a good understanding of the low energy regime of QCD, where perturbative methods fail. One key towards a better understanding is baryon spectroscopy. Unfortunately, in the past most baryon spectroscopy data have been obtained only using $pi$ N scattering. To gain access to resonances with small $pi$ N partial width, photoproduction experiments, investigating various final states, provide essential information. In order to extract the contributing resonances, partial wave analyses need to be performed. Here, the complete experiment is required to unambiguously determine the contributing amplitudes. This involves the measurement of carefully chosen single and double polarization observables. The Crystal Barrel/TAPS experiment with a longitudinally or transversely polarized target and an energy tagged, linearly or circularly polarized photon beam allows the measurement of a large set of polarization observables. Due to its good energy resolution, high detection efficiency for photons, and the nearly complete solid angle coverage, it is ideally suited for the measurement of the photoproduction of neutral mesons decaying into photons. Preliminary results for the target asymmetry T, recoil polarization P and the double polarization observable H are discussed for $pi^{0}$ and $eta$ photoproduction off the proton.
The $f_1(1285)$ meson with mass $1281.0 pm 0.8$ MeV/$c^2$ and width $18.4 pm 1.4$ MeV (FWHM) was measured for the first time in photoproduction from a proton target using CLAS at Jefferson Lab. Differential cross sections were obtained via the $etapi^{+}pi^{-}$, $K^+bar{K}^0pi^-$, and $K^-K^0pi^+$ decay channels from threshold up to a center-of-mass energy of 2.8 GeV. The mass, width, and an amplitude analysis of the $etapi^{+}pi^{-}$ final-state Dalitz distribution are consistent with the axial-vector $J^P=1^+$ $f_1(1285)$ identity, rather than the pseudoscalar $0^-$ $eta(1295)$. The production mechanism is more consistent with $s$-channel decay of a high-mass $N^*$ state, and not with $t$-channel meson exchange. Decays to $etapipi$ go dominantly via the intermediate $a_0^pm(980)pi^mp$ states, with the branching ratio $Gamma(a_0pi text{ (no} bar{K} Ktext{)}) / Gamma(etapipi text{(all)}) = 0.74pm0.09$. The branching ratios $Gamma(K bar{K} pi)/Gamma(etapipi) = 0.216pm0.033$ and $Gamma(gammarho^0)/Gamma(etapipi) = 0.047pm0.018$ were also obtained. The first is in agreement with previous data for the $f_1(1285)$, while the latter is lower than the world average.
The reaction $gamma , p rightarrow K^0_S,Sigma^+$ is studied in the photon energy range from threshold. Linearly polarised photon beams from coherent bremsstrahlung enabled the first measurement of photon beam asymmetries in this reaction up to $E_gamma = 2250$ MeV. In addition, the recoil hyperon polarisation was determined through the asymmetry in the weak decay $Sigma^+ rightarrow p pi^0$ up to $E_gamma = 1650$ MeV. The data are compared to partial wave analyses, and the possible impact on the interpretation of a recently observed cusp-like structure near the $K^*$ thresholds is discussed.
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