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We analyse distribution, kinematics and star-formation (SF) properties of satellite galaxies in three different samples of nearby groups. We find that studied groups are generally well approximated by low-concentration NFW model, show a variety of LOS velocity dispersion profiles and signs of SF quenching in outskirts of dwarf satellite galaxies.
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Galaxy evolution by interaction driven transformation is probably highly efficient in groups of galaxies. Dwarf galaxies with their shallow potential are expected to reflect the interaction most prominently in their observable structure. The major aim of this series of papers is to establish a data base which allows to study the impact of group interaction onto the morphology and star-forming properties of dwarf galaxies. Firstly, we present our selection rules for target groups and the morphological selection method of target dwarf member candidates. Secondly, the spectroscopic follow-up observations with the HET are present. Thirdly, we applied own reduction methods based on adaptive filtering to derive surface photometry of the candidates. The spectroscopic follow-up indicate a dwarf identification success rate of roughly 55%, and a group member success rate of about 33%. A total of 17 new low surface brightness members is presented. For all candidates, total magnitudes, colours, and light distribution parameters are derived and discussed in the context of scaling relations. We point out short comings of the SDSS standard pipeline for surface photometry for these dim objects. We conclude that our selection strategy is rather efficient to obtain a sample of dim, low surface brightness members of groups of galaxies within the Virgo super-cluster. The photometric scaling relation in these X-ray dim, rather isolated groups does not significantly differ from those of the galaxies within the Local Volume.
We present results from a resolved stellar population search for dwarf satellite galaxies of six nearby (D $<5$ Mpc), sub-Milky-Way mass hosts using deep ($msim27$ mag) optical imaging from the Large Binocular Telescope. We perform image simulations to quantify our detection efficiency for dwarfs over a large range in luminosity and size, and develop a fast catalog-based emulator that includes a treatment of unresolved photometric blending. We discover no new dwarf satellites, but we recover two previously known dwarfs (DDO 113 and LV J1228+4358) with $M_{text{V}}<-12$ that lie in our survey volume. We preview a new theoretical framework to predict satellite luminosity functions using analytic probability distribution functions and apply it to our sample, finding that we predict one fewer classical dwarf and one more faint dwarf ($M_{text{V}}sim-7.5$) than we find in our observational sample (i.e., the observational sample is slightly top-heavy). However, the overall number of dwarfs in the observational sample (2) is in good agreement with the theoretical expectations. Interestingly, DDO 113 shows signs of environmental quenching and LV J1228+4358 is tidally disrupting, suggesting that low-mass hosts may affect their satellites more severely than previously believed.
We search for RR Lyrae stars in 27 nearby ($<100$ kpc) ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxies using the Gaia DR2 catalog of RR Lyrae stars. Based on proper motions, magnitudes and location on the sky, we associate 47 Gaia RR Lyrae stars to 14 different satellites. Distances based on RR Lyrae stars are provided for those galaxies. We have identified RR Lyrae stars for the first time in the Tucana II dwarf galaxy, and find additional members in Ursa Major II, Coma Berenices, Hydrus I, Bootes I and Bootes III. In addition we have identified candidate extra-tidal RR Lyrae stars in six galaxies which suggest they may be undergoing tidal disruption. We found 10 galaxies have no RR Lyrae stars neither in Gaia nor in the literature. However, given the known completeness of Gaia DR2 we cannot conclude these galaxies indeed lack variable stars of this type.
We investigate whether the considerable diversity in the satellite populations of nearby Milky Way (MW)-mass galaxies is connected with the diversity in their hosts merger histories. Analyzing 8 nearby galaxies with extensive observations of their satellite populations and stellar halos, we characterize each galaxys merger history using the metric of its most dominant merger, $M_{rm star,Dom}$, defined as the greater of either its total accreted stellar mass or most massive current satellite. We find an unexpectedly tight relationship between these galaxies number of $M_{V},{<},{-}9$ satellites within 150 kpc ($N_{rm Sat}$) and $M_{rm star,Dom}$. This relationship remains even after accounting for differences in galaxy mass. Using the star formation and orbital histories of satellites around the MW and M81, we demonstrate that both likely evolved along the $M_{rmstar,Dom}{-}N_{rm Sat}$ relation during their current dominant mergers with the LMC and M82, respectively. We investigate the presence of this relation in galaxy formation models, including using the FIRE simulations to directly compare to the observations. We find no relation between $M_{rmstar,Dom}$ and $N_{rm Sat}$ in FIRE, and a universally large scatter in $N_{rm Sat}$ with $M_{rm star,Dom}$ across models $-$ in direct contrast with the tightness of the empirical relation. This acute difference in the observed and predicted scaling relation between two fundamental galaxy properties signals that current simulations do not sufficiently reproduce diverse merger histories and their effects on satellite populations. Explaining the emergence of this relation is therefore essential for obtaining a complete understanding of galaxy formation.
We present STEEL a STatistical sEmi-Empirical modeL designed to probe the distribution of satellite galaxies in groups and clusters. Our fast statistical methodology relies on tracing the abundances of central and satellite haloes via their mass functions at all cosmic epochs with virtually no limitation on cosmic volume and mass resolution. From mean halo accretion histories and subhalo mass functions the satellite mass function is progressively built in time via abundance matching techniques constrained by number densities of centrals in the local Universe. By enforcing dynamical merging timescales as predicted by high-resolution N-body simulations, we obtain satellite distributions as a function of stellar mass and halo mass consistent with current data. We show that stellar stripping, star formation, and quenching play all a secondary role in setting the number densities of massive satellites above $M_*gtrsim 3times 10^{10}, M_{odot}$. We further show that observed star formation rates used in our empirical model over predict low-mass satellites below $M_*lesssim 3times 10^{10}, M_{odot}$, whereas, star formation rates derived from a continuity equation approach yield the correct abundances similar to previous results for centrals.
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