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Register a new userThe no-spin zone: rotation vs dispersion support in observed and simulated dwarf galaxies
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Coral Wheeler
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We perform a systematic Bayesian analysis of rotation vs. dispersion support ($v_{rm rot} / sigma$) in $40$ dwarf galaxies throughout the Local Volume (LV) over a stellar mass range $10^{3.5} M_{rm odot} < M_{star} < 10^8 M_{rm odot}$. We find that the stars in $sim 80%$ of the LV dwarf galaxies studied -- both satellites and isolated systems -- are dispersion-supported. In particular, we show that $6/10$ *isolated* dwarfs in our sample have $v_{rm rot} / sigma < 1.0$. All have $v_{rm rot} / sigma lesssim 2.0$. These results challenge the traditional view that the stars in gas-rich dwarf irregulars (dIrrs) are distributed in cold, rotationally-supported stellar disks, while gas-poor dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) are kinematically distinct in having dispersion-supported stars. We see no clear trend between $v_{rm rot} / sigma$ and distance to the closest $rm L_{star}$ galaxy, nor between $v_{rm rot} / sigma$ and $M_{star}$ within our mass range. We apply the same Bayesian analysis to four FIRE hydrodynamic zoom-in simulations of isolated dwarf galaxies ($10^9 M_{odot} < M_{rm vir} < 10^{10} M_{rm odot}$) and show that the simulated *isolated* dIrr galaxies have stellar ellipticities and stellar $v_{rm rot} / sigma$ ratios that are consistent with the observed population of dIrrs *and* dSphs without the need to subject these dwarfs to any external perturbations or tidal forces. We posit that most dwarf galaxies form as puffy, dispersion-dominated systems, rather than cold, angular momentum-supported disks. If this is the case, then transforming a dIrr into a dSph may require little more than removing its gas.
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Recent observations from integral field spectroscopy (IFS) indicate that the fraction of galaxies that are slow rotators, $F_{rm SR}$, depends primarily on stellar mass, with no significant dependence on environment. We investigate these trends and the formation paths of slow rotators (SRs) using the EAGLE and Hydrangea hydro-dynamical simulations. EAGLE consists of several cosmological boxes of volumes up to $(100,rm Mpc)^3$, while Hydrangea consists of $24$ cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters and their environment. Together they provide a statistically significant sample in the stellar mass range $10^{9.5},rm M_{odot}-10^{12.3},rm M_{odot}$, of $16,358$ galaxies. We construct IFS-like cubes and measure stellar spin parameters, $lambda_{rm R}$, and ellipticities, allowing us to classify galaxies into slow/fast rotators as in observations. The simulations display a primary dependence of $F_{rm SR}$ on stellar mass, with a weak dependence on environment. At fixed stellar mass, satellite galaxies are more likely to be SRs than centrals. $F_{rm SR}$ shows a dependence on halo mass at fixed stellar mass for central galaxies, while no such trend is seen for satellites. We find that $approx 70$% of SRs at $z=0$ have experienced at least one merger with mass ratio $ge 0.1$, with dry mergers being at least twice more common than wet mergers. Individual dry mergers tend to decrease $lambda_{rm R}$, while wet mergers mostly increase it. However, $30$% of SRs at $z=0$ have not experienced mergers, and those inhabit halos with median spins twice smaller than the halos hosting the rest of the SRs. Thus, although the formation paths of SRs can be varied, dry mergers and/or halos with small spins dominate.
In this paper we present data from 72 low redshift, hard X-ray selected AGN taken from the {it Swift}-BAT 58 month catalogue. We utilise spectral energy distribution fitting to the optical to IR photometry in order to estimate host galaxy properties. We compare this observational sample to a volume and flux matched sample of AGN from the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulations in order to verify how accurately the simulations can reproduce observed AGN host galaxy properties. After correcting for the known +0.2 dex offset in the SFRs between EAGLE and previous observations, we find agreement in the SFR and X-ray luminosity distributions; however we find that the stellar masses in EAGLE are $0.2 - 0.4$ dex greater than the observational sample, which consequently leads to lower sSFRs. We compare these results to our previous study at high redshift, finding agreement in both the observations and simulations, whereby the widths of sSFR distributions are similar ($sim0.4-0.6$ dex) and the median of the SFR distributions lie below the star forming main sequence by $sim0.3-0.5$ dex across all samples. We also use EAGLE to select a sample of AGN host galaxies at high and low redshift and follow their characteristic evolution from $z=8$ to $z=0$. We find similar behaviour between these two samples, whereby star formation is quenched when the black hole goes through its phase of most rapid growth. Utilising EAGLE we find that 23% of AGN selected at $zsim0$ are also AGN at high redshift, and that their host galaxies are among the most massive objects in the simulation. Overall we find EAGLE reproduces the observations well, with some minor inconsistencies ($sim$ 0.2 dex in stellar masses and $sim$ 0.4 dex in sSFRs).
We analyze a suite of $30$ high resolution zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of massive galaxies with stellar masses $M_{ast} > 10^{10.9} M_odot$, with the goal of better understanding merger activity in AGN, AGN activity in merging systems, SMBH growth during mergers, and the role of gas content. Using the radiative transfer code textsc{Powderday}, we generate HST-WFC3 F160W synthetic observations of redshift $0.5 < z < 3$ central galaxies, add noise properties similar to the CANDELS survey, and measure morphological properties from the synthetic images using commonly adopted non-parametric statistics. We compare the distributions of morphological properties measured from the synthetic images with a sample of inactive galaxies and X-ray selected AGN hosts from CANDELS. We study the connection between mergers and AGN activity in the simulations, the synthetic images, and the observed CANDELS sample. We find that, in both the simulations and CANDELS, even the most luminous $(L_{rm bol} > 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1})$ AGN in our sample are no more likely than inactive galaxies $(L_{rm bol} < 10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1})$ to be found in merging systems. We also find that AGN activity is not overall enhanced by mergers, nor enhanced at any specific time in the $1$ Gyr preceding and following a merger. Even gas rich major mergers (stellar mass ratio $>$1:4) do not necessarily enhance AGN activity or significantly grow the central SMBH. We conclude that in the simulated massive galaxies studied here, mergers are not the primary drivers of AGN.
In the widely adopted LambdaCDM scenario for galaxy formation, dwarf galaxies are the building blocks of larger galaxies. Since they formed at relatively early epochs when the background density was relatively high, they are expected to retain their integrity as satellite galaxies when they merge to form larger entities. Although many dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are found in the galactic halo around the Milky Way, their phase space density (or velocity dispersion) appears to be significantly smaller than that expected for satellite dwarf galaxies in the LambdaCDM scenario. In order to account for this discrepancy, we consider the possibility that they may have lost a significant fraction of their baryonic matter content during the first infall at the Hubble expansion turnaround. Such mass loss arises naturally due to the feedback by relatively massive stars which formed in their centers briefly before the maximum contraction. Through a series of N-body simulations, we show that the timely loss of a significant fraction of the dSphs initial baryonic matter content can have profound effects on their asymptotic half-mass radius, velocity dispersion, phase-space density, and the mass fraction between residual baryonic and dark matter.
We have conducted a spectroscopic survey of the inner regions of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. We determine radial velocities for over 1800 Sgr star members in 6 fields that cover an area 18.84 deg^2, with a typical accuracy of ~2 km/s. Motivated by recent numerical models of the Sgr tidal stream that predict a substantial amount of rotation in the dwarf remnant core, we compare the kinematic data against N-body models that simulate the stream progenitor as (i) a pressure-supported, mass-follows-light system, and (ii) a late-type, rotating disc galaxy embedded in an extended dark matter halo. We find that the models with little, or no intrinsic rotation clearly yield a better match to the mean line-of-sight velocity in all surveyed fields, but fail to reproduce the shape of the line-of-sight velocity distribution. This result rules out models wherein the prominent bifurcation observed in the leading tail of the Sgr stream was caused by a transfer from intrinsic angular momentum from the progenitor satellite into the tidal stream. It also implies that the trajectory of the young tidal tails has not been affected by internal rotation in the progenitor system. Our finding indicates that new, more elaborate dynamical models, in which the dark and luminous components are treated independently, are necessary for simultaneously reproducing both the internal kinematics of the Sgr dwarf and the available data for the associated tidal stream.
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