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Register a new userThe Age and Structure of the Galactic Bulge from Mira Variables
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We report periods and JHKL observations for 648 oxygen-rich Mira variables found in two outer bulge fields at b=-7 degrees and l=+/-8 degrees and combine these with data on 8057 inner bulge Miras from the OGLE, Macho and 2MASS surveys, which are concentrated closer to the Galactic centre. Distance moduli are estimated for all these stars. Evidence is given showing that the bulge structure is a function of age. The longer period Miras (log P > 2.6, age about 5 Gyr and younger) show clear evidence of a bar structure inclined to the line of sight in both the inner and outer regions. The distribution of the shorter period (metal-rich globular cluster age) Miras, appears spheroidal in the outer bulge. In the inner region these old stars are also distributed differently from the younger ones and possibly suggest a more complex structure. These data suggest a distance to the Galactic centre, R0, of 8.9 kpc with an estimated uncertainty of 0.4 kpc. The possible effect of helium enrichment on our conclusions is discussed.
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We have extracted a total of 1968 Mira variables from the OGLE-II data base in the Galactic bulge region. Among them, 1960 are associated with 2MASS sources, and 1541 are further identified with MSX point sources. Their photometric properties are compared with those of Mira variables in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. We have found that mass-losing stars with circumstellar matter are reddened such that the colour dependence of the absorption coefficient is similar to that of interstellar matter. We also discuss the structure of the bulge. The surface number density of the bulge Mira variables is well correlated with the 2.2-micron surface brightness obtained by the COBE satellite. Using this relation, the total number of Mira variables in the bulge is estimated to be about 600,000. The logP-K relation of the Mira variables gives their space distribution which supports the well-known asymmetry of the bar-like bulge.
The goal of this paper is to characterise the light variation properties of Mira variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We have investigated a combined optical and near infrared multi-epoch dataset of Mira variables based on our monitoring data obtained over 15 years. Bolometric correction relations are formulated for various near-infrared colours. We find that the same bolometric correction equation holds for both the bolometricly brightest and faintest pulsation phases. Period-bolometric magnitude relations and period-colour relations were derived using time-averaged values. Phase lags between bolometric phase and optical and near-infrared phases were detected from the O-rich (the surface C/O number ratio is below unity) Mira variables, while no significant systematic lags were observed in most of the C-rich (the C/O ratio is over unity) ones. Some Miras show colour phase
Mira variables are useful distance indicators, due to their high luminosities and well-defined period-luminosity relation. We select 1863 Miras from SAAO and MACHO observations to examine their use as distance estimators in the Milky Way. We measure a distance to the Galactic centre of $R_0 = 7.9 pm 0.3$ kpc, which is in good agreement with other literature values. The uncertainty has two components of $sim$0.2 kpc each: the first is from our analysis and predominantly due to interstellar extinction, the second is due to zero-point uncertainties extrinsic to our investigation, such as the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). In an attempt to improve existing period-luminosity calibrations, we use theoretical models of Miras to determine the dependence of the period-luminosity relation on age, metallicity, and helium abundance, under the assumption that Miras trace the bulk stellar population. We find that at a fixed period of $log P = 2.4$, changes in the predicted $K_s$ magnitudes can be approximated by $Delta M_{Ks} approx -0.109(Delta rm{[Fe/H]}) + 0.033( {Delta}t/rm{Gyr}) + 0.021 ({Delta}Y/0.01)$, and these coefficients are nearly independent of period. The expected overestimate in the Galactic centre distance from using an LMC-calibrated relation is $sim$0.3 kpc. This prediction is not validated by our analysis; a few possible reasons are discussed. We separately show that while the predicted color-color diagrams of solar-neighbourhood Miras work well in the near-infrared, though there are offsets from the model predictions in the optical and mid-infrared.
We use 156 044 white dwarf candidates with $geq5sigma$ significant parallax measurements from the Gaia mission to measure the velocity dispersion of the Galactic disc; $(sigma_U,sigma_V,sigma_W) = (30.8, 23.9, 20.0)$ km s$^{-1}$. We identify 142 objects that are inconsistent with disc membership at the $>5sigma$ level. This is the largest sample of field halo white dwarfs identified to date. We perform a detailed model atmosphere analysis using optical and near-infrared photometry and parallaxes to constrain the mass and cooling age of each white dwarf. The white dwarf cooling ages of our targets range from 7 Myr for J1657+2056 to 10.3 Gyr for J1049-7400. The latter provides a firm lower limit of 10.3 Gyr for the age of the inner halo based on the well-understood physics of white dwarfs. Including the pre-white dwarf evolutionary lifetimes, and limiting our sample to the recently formed white dwarfs with cooling ages of $<500$ Myr, we estimate an age of $10.9 pm 0.4$ Gyr (internal errors only) for the Galactic inner halo. The coolest white dwarfs in our sample also give similar results. For example, J1049-7400 has a total age of 10.9-11.1 Gyr. Our age measurements are consistent with other measurements of the age of the inner halo, including the white dwarf based measurements of the globular clusters M4, NGC 6397, and 47 Tuc.
The main aim of this experiment is to provide a complete census of old (t > 10 Gyr, RR Lyrae, type II Cepheids, red horizontal branch), intermediate age (red clump, Miras) and young (classical Cepheids) stellar tracers across the Galactic Bulge. To fully exploit the unique photometric quality of LSST images, we plan to perform a Shallow minisurvey (ugrizy, -20 < l < 20 deg, -15 < b < 10 deg) and a Deep minisurvey (izy, -20 < l < 20 deg, -3 < b < 3 deg). The former one is aimed at constraining the 3D structure of the galactic Bulge across the four quadrants, and in particular, the transition between inner and outer Bulge. The u,g,r,i,z,y LSST bands provide fundamental diagnostics to constrain the evolutionary properties of low and intermediate-mass stars when moving from a metal-poor to a metal-rich regime. The deep minisurvey is aimed at tracing RR Lyrae, Red Clump stars, Miras and classical Cepheids in highly reddened regions of the Galactic center. These images will allow us to investigate the role that baryonic mass and dark matter played in the early formation and evolution of the MW.
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