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Register a new userSpatial risk measures and applications to max-stable processes
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Erwan Koch
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The risk of extreme environmental events is of great importance for both the authorities and the insurance industry. This paper concerns risk measures in a spatial setting, in order to introduce the spatial features of damages stemming from environmental events into the measure of the risk. We develop a new concept of spatial risk measure, based on the spatially aggregated loss over the region of interest, and propose an adapted set of axioms for these spatial risk measures. These axioms quantify the sensitivity of the risk measure with respect to the space and are especially linked to spatial diversification. The proposed model for the cost underlying our definition of spatial risk measure involves applying a damage function to the environmental variable considered. We build and theoretically study concrete examples of spatial risk measures based on the indicator function of max-stable processes exceeding a given threshold. Some interpretations in terms of insurance are provided.
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A meticulous assessment of the risk of impacts associated with extreme wind events is of great necessity for populations, civil authorities as well as the insurance industry. Using the concept of spatial risk measure and related set of axioms introduced by Koch (2017, 2019), we quantify the risk of losses due to extreme wind speeds. The insured cost due to wind events is proportional to the wind speed at a power ranging typically between 2 and 12. Hence we first perform a detailed study of the correlation structure of powers of the Brown-Resnick max-stable random fields and look at the influence of the power. Then, using the latter results, we thoroughly investigate spatial risk measures associated with variance and induced by powers of max-stable random fields. In addition, we show that spatial risk measures associated with several classical risk measures and induced by such cost fields satisfy (at least part of) the previously mentioned axioms under conditions which are generally satisfied for the risk of damaging extreme wind speeds. In particular, we specify the rates of spatial diversification in different cases, which is valuable for the insurance industry.
An accurate assessment of the risk of extreme environmental events is of great importance for populations, authorities and the banking/insurance/reinsurance industry. Koch (2017) introduced a notion of spatial risk measure and a corresponding set of axioms which are well suited to analyze the risk due to events having a spatial extent, precisely such as environmental phenomena. The axiom of asymptotic spatial homogeneity is of particular interest since it allows one to quantify the rate of spatial diversification when the region under consideration becomes large. In this paper, we first investigate the general concepts of spatial risk measures and corresponding axioms further and thoroughly explain the usefulness of this theory for both actuarial science and practice. Second, in the case of a general cost field, we give sufficient conditions such that spatial risk measures associated with expectation, variance, Value-at-Risk as well as expected shortfall and induced by this cost field satisfy the axioms of asymptotic spatial homogeneity of order $0$, $-2$, $-1$ and $-1$, respectively. Last but not least, in the case where the cost field is a function of a max-stable random field, we provide conditions on both the function and the max-stable field ensuring the latter properties. Max-stable random fields are relevant when assessing the risk of extreme events since they appear as a natural extension of multivariate extreme-value theory to the level of random fields. Overall, this paper improves our understanding of spatial risk measures as well as of their properties with respect to the space variable and generalizes many results obtained in Koch (2017).
We study the minimization of a spectral risk measure of the total discounted cost generated by a Markov Decision Process (MDP) over a finite or infinite planning horizon. The MDP is assumed to have Borel state and action spaces and the cost function may be unbounded above. The optimization problem is split into two minimization problems using an infimum representation for spectral risk measures. We show that the inner minimization problem can be solved as an ordinary MDP on an extended state space and give sufficient conditions under which an optimal policy exists. Regarding the infinite dimensional outer minimization problem, we prove the existence of a solution and derive an algorithm for its numerical approximation. Our results include the findings in Bauerle and Ott (2011) in the special case that the risk measure is Expected Shortfall. As an application, we present a dynamic extension of the classical static optimal reinsurance problem, where an insurance company minimizes its cost of capital.
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