We introduce the notion of additive units and roots of a unit in a spatial product system. The set of all roots of any unit forms a Hilbert space and its dimension is the same as the index of the product system. We show that a unit and all of its roots generate the type I part of the product system. Using properties of roots, we also provide an alternative proof of the Powers problem that the cocycle conjugacy class of Powers sum is independent of the choice of intertwining isometries. In the last section, we introduce the notion of cluster of a product subsystem and establish its connection with random sets in the sense of Tsirelson and Liebscher.
We introduce the notion of additive units, or `addits, of a pointed Arveson system, and demonstrate their usefulness through several applications. By a pointed Arveson system we mean a spatial Arveson system with a fixed normalised reference unit. We show that the addits form a Hilbert space whose codimension-one subspace of `roots is isomorphic to the index space of the Arveson system, and that the addits generate the type I part of the Arveson system. Consequently the isomorphism class of the Hilbert space of addits is independent of the reference unit. The addits of a pointed inclusion system are shown to be in natural correspondence with the addits of the generated pointed product system. The theory of amalgamated products is developed using addits and roots, and an explicit formula for the amalgamation of pointed Arveson systems is given, providing a new proof of its independence of the particular reference units. (This independence justifies the terminology `spatial product of spatial Arveson systems). Finally a cluster construction for inclusion subsystems of an Arveson system is introduced and we demonstrate its correspondence with the action of the Cantor--Bendixson derivative in the context of the random closed set approach to product systems due to Tsirelson and Liebscher.
Starting with an additive process $(Y_t)_{tgeq0}$, it is in certain cases possible to construct an adjoint process $(X_t)_{tgeq0}$ which is itself additive. Moreover, assuming that the transition densities of $(Y_t)_{tgeq0}$ are controlled by a natural pair of metrics $mathrm{d}_{psi,t}$ and $delta_{psi,t}$, we can prove that the transition densities of $(X_t)_{tgeq0}$ are controlled by the metrics $delta_{psi,1/t}$ replacing $mathrm{d}_{psi,t}$ and $mathrm{d}_{psi,1/t}$ replacing $delta_{psi,t}$.
A Banach space operator $Tin B(X)$ is left polaroid if for each $lambdainhbox{iso}sigma_a(T)$ there is an integer $d(lambda)$ such that asc $(T-lambda)=d(lambda)<infty$ and $(T-lambda)^{d(lambda)+1}X$ is closed; $T$ is finitely left polaroid if asc $(T-lambda)<infty$, $(T-lambda)X$ is closed and $dim(T-lambda)^{-1}(0)<infty$ at each $lambdainhbox{iso }sigma_a(T)$. The left polaroid property transfers from $A$ and $B$ to their tensor product $Aotimes B$, hence also from $A$ and $B^*$ to the left-right multiplication operator $tau_{AB}$, for Hilbert space operators; an additional condition is required for Banach space operators. The finitely left polaroid property transfers from $A$ and $B$ to their tensor product $Aotimes B$ if and only if $0 otinhbox{iso}sigma_a(Aotimes B)$; a similar result holds for $tau_{AB}$ for finitely left polaroid $A$ and $B^*$.
Let $X$ and $Y$ be Banach spaces, let $mathcal{A}(X)$ stands for the algebra of approximable operators on $X$, and let $Pcolonmathcal{A}(X)to Y$ be an orthogonally additive, continuous $n$-homogeneous polynomial. If $X^*$ has the bounded approximation property, then we show that there exists a unique continuous linear map $Phicolonmathcal{A}(X)to Y$ such that $P(T)=Phi(T^n)$ for each $Tinmathcal{A}(X)$.
The product of a Hermitian matrix and a positive semidefinite matrix has only real eigenvalues. We present bounds for sums of eigenvalues of such a product.