No Arabic abstract
Given a graph whose edges are labeled by ideals in a ring, a generalized spline is a labeling of each vertex by a ring element so that adjacent vertices differ by an element of the ideal associated to the edge. We study splines over the ring Z/mZ. Previous work considered splines over domains, in which very different phenomena occur. For instance when the ring is the integers, the elements of bases for spline modules are indexed by the vertices of the graph. However we prove that over Z/mZ spline modules can essentially have any rank between 1 and n. Using the classification of finite Z-modules, we begin the work of classifying splines over Z/mZ and produce minimum generating sets for splines on cycles over Z/mZ. We close with many open questions.
A generalized spline on a graph $G$ with edges labeled by ideals in a ring $R$ consists of a vertex-labeling by elements of $R$ so that the labels on adjacent vertices $u, v$ differ by an element of the ideal associated to the edge $uv$. We study the $R$-module of generalized splines and produce minimum generating sets for several families of graphs and edge-labelings: $1)$ for all graphs when the edge-labelings consist of at most two finitely-generated ideals, and $2)$ for cycles when the edge-labelings consist of principal ideals generated by elements of the form $(ax+by)^2$ in the polynomial ring $mathbb{C}[x,y]$. We obtain the generators using a constructive algorithm that is suitable for computer implementation and give several applications, including contextualizing several results in classical (analytic) splines.
We study {em generalized graph splines,} introduced by Gilbert, Viel, and the last author. For a large class of rings, we characterize the graphs that only admit constant splines. To do this, we prove that if a graph has a particular type of cutset (e.g., a bridge), then the space of splines naturally decomposes as a certain direct sum of submodules. As an application, we use these results to describe splines on a triangulation studied by Zhou and Lai, but over a different ring than they used.
We generalize Dahmen-Micchelli deconvolution formula for Box splines with parameters. Our proof is based on identities for Poisson summation of rational functions with poles on hyperplanes.
We showed in the first paper of this series that the generic $C_2^1$-cofactor matroid is the unique maximal abstract $3$-rigidity matroid. In this paper we obtain a combinatorial characterization of independence in this matroid. This solves the cofactor counterpart of the combinatorial characterization problem for the rigidity of generic 3-dimensional bar-joint frameworks. We use our characterization to verify that the counterparts of conjectures of Dress (on the rank function) and Lov{a}sz and Yemini (which suggested a sufficient connectivity condition for rigidity) hold for this matroid.
Let $chi_k(G)$ denote the minimum number of colors needed to color the edges of a graph $G$ in a way that the subgraph spanned by the edges of each color has all degrees congruent to $1 pmod k$. Scott [{em Discrete Math. 175}, 1-3 (1997), 289--291] proved that $chi_k(G)leq5k^2log k$, and thus settled a question of Pyber [{em Sets, graphs and numbers} (1992), pp. 583--610], who had asked whether $chi_k(G)$ can be bounded solely as a function of $k$. We prove that $chi_k(G)=O(k)$, answering affirmatively a question of Scott.