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Register a new userThe spectrum of isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission between 100 MeV and 820 GeV
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The {gamma}-ray sky can be decomposed into individually detected sources, diffuse emission attributed to the interactions of Galactic cosmic rays with gas and radiation fields, and a residual all-sky emission component commonly called the isotropic diffuse {gamma}-ray background (IGRB). The IGRB comprises all extragalactic emissions too faint or too diffuse to be resolved in a given survey, as well as any residual Galactic foregrounds that are approximately isotropic. The first IGRB measurement with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi) used 10 months of sky-survey data and considered an energy range between 200 MeV and 100 GeV. Improvements in event selection and characterization of cosmic-ray backgrounds, better understanding of the diffuse Galactic emission, and a longer data accumulation of 50 months, allow for a refinement and extension of the IGRB measurement with the LAT, now covering the energy range from 100 MeV to 820 GeV. The IGRB spectrum shows a significant high-energy cutoff feature, and can be well described over nearly four decades in energy by a power law with exponential cutoff having a spectral index of $2.32pm0.02$ and a break energy of $(279pm52)$ GeV using our baseline diffuse Galactic emission model. The total intensity attributed to the IGRB is $(7.2pm0.6) times 10^{-6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$ above 100 MeV, with an additional $+15$%/$-30$% systematic uncertainty due to the Galactic diffuse foregrounds.
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KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande were multi-detector installations to measure individual air showers of cosmic rays at ultra-high energy. Based on data sets measured by KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande, 90% C.L. upper limits to the flux of gamma-rays in the primary cosmic ray flux are determined in an energy range of ${10}^{14} - {10}^{18}$ eV. The analysis is performed by selecting air showers with a low muon content as expected for gamma-ray-induced showers compared to air showers induced by energetic nuclei. The best upper limit of the fraction of gamma-rays to the total cosmic ray flux is obtained at $3.7 times {10}^{15}$ eV with $1.1 times {10}^{-5}$. Translated to an absolute gamma-ray flux this sets constraints on some fundamental astrophysical models, such as the distance of sources for at least one of the IceCube neutrino excess models.
We report on the first Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) measurements of the so-called extra-galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission (EGB). This component of the diffuse gamma-ray emission is generally considered to have an isotropic or nearly isotropic distribution on the sky with diverse contributions discussed in the literature. The derivation of the EGB is based on detailed modelling of the bright foreground diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission (DGE), the detected LAT sources and the solar gamma-ray emission. We find the spectrum of the EGB is consistent with a power law with differential spectral index g = 2.41+/-0.05 and intensity, I(> 100 MeV) = (1.03+/-0.17) 10^-5 cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1, where the error is systematics dominated. Our EGB spectrum is featureless, less intense, and softer than that derived from EGRET data.
The isotropic diffuse $gamma$-ray background (IGRB) has been detected by various experiments and recently the Fermi-LAT Collaboration has precisely measured its spectrum in a wide energy range. The origin of the IGRB is still unclear and we show in this paper the significative improvements that have been done, thanks to the new Fermi-LAT catalogs, to solve this mystery. We demonstrate that the $gamma$-ray intensity and spectrum of the IGRB is fully consistent with the unresolved emission from extragalactic point sources, namely Active Galactic Nuclei and Star Forming Galaxies. We show also that the IGRB can be employed to derive sever constraints for the $gamma$-ray emission from diffuse processes such as annihilation of Dark Matter (DM) particles. Our method is able to provide low bounds for the thermal annihilation cross section for a wide range of DM masses.
Data from 105 days from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) have been used to place a new limit on an isotropic diffuse gamma-ray population above 10 TeV. High- energy isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission is produced by unresolved extragalactic objects such as active galactic nuclei, with potential contributions from interactions of high-energy cosmic rays with the inter-Galactic medium, or dark matter annihilation. Isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission has been observed up to nearly 1 TeV. Above this energy, only upper limits have been reported. Observations or limits of the isotropic photon population above these energies are very sensitive to local astrophysical particle production. Of particular note, we expect a photon population to accompany the TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrino detection seen in the IceCube instrument. Observations or limits of a photon population above this energy can point to the origin of these neutrinos, indicating whether they are within the gamma-ray horizon or not. HAWC, with superior sensitivity to gamma rays between 100 GeV and 100 TeV, continuously observes the overhead sky and will measure or constrain isotropic emission above 1 TeV. We present a limit above 10 TeV based on the background rejection achieved in a 105-day observation of the Crab Nebula with HAWC. The limit will improve substantially with additional data and study.
We characterize and provide a catalog of thirty >100 MeV sustained gamma-ray emission (SGRE) events observed by Fermi LAT. These events are temporally and spectrally distinct from the associated solar flares. Their spectra are consistent with decay of pions produced by >300 MeV protons and are not consistent with electron bremsstrahlung. SGRE start times range from CME onset to two hours later. Their durations range from about four minutes to twenty hours and appear to be correlated with durations of >100 MeV SEP proton events. The >300 MeV protons producing SGRE have spectra that can be fit with power laws with a mean index of ~4 and RMS spread of 1.8. Gamma-ray line measurements indicate that SGRE proton spectra are steeper above 300 MeV than they are below 300 MeV. The number of SGRE protons >500 MeV is on average about ten times more than then the number in the associated flare and about fifty to one hundred times less than the number in the accompanying SEP. SGRE can extend tens of degrees from the are site. Sustained bremsstrahlung from MeV electrons was observed in one SGRE event. Flare >100 keV X-ray emission appears to be associated with SGRE and with intense SEPs. From this observation, we provide arguments that lead us to propose that sub-MeV to MeV protons escaping from the flare contribute to the seed population that is accelerated by shocks onto open field lines to produce SEPs and onto field lines returning to the Sun to produce SGRE.
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