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Register a new userVIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS): Witnessing the Assembly of a Massive Cluster at z~3.3
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Using new spectroscopic observations obtained as part of the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS), we perform a systematic search for overdense environments in the early universe ($z>2$) and report here on the discovery of Cl J0227-0421, a massive protocluster at $z=3.29$. This protocluster is characterized by both the large overdensity of spectroscopically confirmed members, $delta_{gal}=10.5pm2.8$, and a significant overdensity in photometric redshift members. The halo mass of this protocluster is estimated, by a variety of methods, to be roughly $3times10^{14}$ $mathcal{M}_{odot}$ at $zsim3.3$, which, evolved to $z=0$ results in a halo mass rivaling or exceeding that of the Coma cluster. The properties of 19 spectroscopically confirmed member galaxies are compared with a large sample of VUDS/VVDS galaxies in lower density field environments at similar redshifts. We find tentative evidence for an excess of redder, brighter, and more massive galaxies within the confines of the protocluster relative to the field population, which suggests that we may be observing the beginning of environmentally-induced quenching. The properties of these galaxies are investigated, including a discussion of the brightest protocluster galaxy which appears to be undergoing vigorous coeval nuclear and starburst activity. The remaining member galaxies appear to have characteristics which are largely similar to the field population. Though we find weaker evidence of the suppression of the median star formation rates amongst and differences in stacked spectra of member galaxies with respect to the field, we defer any conclusions of these trends to future work with the ensemble of protostructures that are found in the full VUDS sample.
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[Abridged] We characterise a massive proto-cluster at z=2.895 that we found in the COSMOS field using the spectroscopic sample of the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS). This is one of the rare structures at z~3 not identified around AGNs or radio galaxies, so it is an ideal laboratory to study galaxy formation in dense environments. The structure comprises 12 galaxies with secure spectroscopic redshift in an area of 7x8, in a z bin of Dz=0.016. The measured galaxy number overdensity is delta_g=12+/-2. This overdensity has total mass of M~8.1x10^(14)M_sun in a volume of 13x15x17 Mpc^3. Simulations indicate that such an overdensity at z~2.9 is a proto-cluster that will collapse in a cluster of total mass M~2.5x10^(15)M_sun at z=0. We compare the properties of the galaxies within the overdensity with a control sample at the same z but outside the overdensity. We did not find any statistically significant difference between the properties (stellar mass, SFR, sSFR, NUV-r, r-K) of the galaxies inside and outside the overdensity. The stacked spectrum of galaxies in the overdensity background shows a significant absorption feature at the wavelength of Lya redshifted at z=2.895 (lambda=4736 A), with a rest frame EW = 4+/- 1.4 A. Stacking only background galaxies without intervening sources at z~2.9 along their line of sight, we find that this absorption feature has a rest frame EW of 10.8+/-3.7 A, with a detection S/N of ~4. These EW values imply a high column density (N(HI)~3-20x10^(19)cm^(-2)), consistent with a scenario where such absorption is due to intervening cold gas streams, falling into the halo potential wells of the proto-cluster galaxies. However, we cannot exclude the hypothesis that this absorption is due to the diffuse gas within the overdensity.
Using spectroscopic observations taken for the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS) we report here on the discovery of PCl J1001+0220, a massive proto-cluster located at $z_{spec}sim4.57$ in the COSMOS field. The proto-cluster was initially detected as a $sim12sigma$ overdensity of typical star-forming galaxies in the blind spectroscopic survey of the early universe ($2<z<6$) performed by VUDS. It was further mapped using a new technique developed that statistically combines spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, the latter derived from a recent compilation of deep multi-band imaging. Through various methods, the descendant halo mass of PCl J1001+0220 is estimated to be $log(M_{h}/M_{odot})_{z=0}sim14.5-15$ with a large amount of mass apparently already in place at $zsim4.57$. Tentative evidence is found for a fractional excess of older and more massive galaxies within the proto-cluster, an observation which suggests the pervasive early onset of vigorous star formation. No evidence is found for the differences in the star formation rates of member and a matched sample of coeval field galaxies either through rest-frame ultraviolet methods or through stacking extremely deep Very Large Array 3 GHz imaging. Additionally, no evidence for pervasive strong active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity is observed. Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images provides weak evidence for for an elevated incidence of galaxy-galaxy interaction within the proto-cluster. The spectral properties of the two samples are compared, with a definite suppression of Ly$alpha$ seen in the average member galaxy relative to the coeval field ($f_{esc,Lyalpha}=1.8^{+0.3}_{-1.7}$% and $4.0^{+1.0}_{-0.8}$%, respectively). This observation along with other lines of evidence leads us to infer the possible presence of a large, cool diffuse medium within the proto-cluster environment evocative of a nascent intracluster medium.
We investigate the evolution of galaxy clustering for galaxies in the redshift range 2.0<$z$<5.0 using the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS). We present the projected (real-space) two-point correlation function $w_p(r_p)$ measured by using 3022 galaxies with robust spectroscopic redshifts in two independent fields (COSMOS and VVDS-02h) covering in total 0.8 deg$^2$. We quantify how the scale dependent clustering amplitude $r_0$ changes with redshift making use of mock samples to evaluate and correct the survey selection function. Using a power-law model $xi(r) = (r/r_0)^{-gamma}$ we find that the correlation function for the general population is best fit by a model with a clustering length $r_0$=3.95$^{+0.48}_{-0.54}$ h$^{-1}$Mpc and slope $gamma$=1.8$^{+0.02}_{-0.06}$ at $z$~2.5, $r_0$=4.35$pm$0.60 h$^{-1}$Mpc and $gamma$=1.6$^{+0.12}_{-0.13}$ at $z$~3.5. We use these clustering parameters to derive the large-scale linear galaxy bias $b_L^{PL}$, between galaxies and dark matter. We find $b_L^{PL}$ = 2.68$pm$0.22 at redshift $z$~3 (assuming $sigma_8$ = 0.8), significantly higher than found at intermediate and low redshifts. We fit an HOD model to the data and we obtain that the average halo mass at redshift $z$~3 is $M_h$=10$^{11.75pm0.23}$ h$^{-1}$M$_{odot}$. From this fit we confirm that the large-scale linear galaxy bias is relatively high at $b_L^{HOD}$ = 2.82$pm$0.27. Comparing these measurements with similar measurements at lower redshifts we infer that the star-forming population of galaxies at $z$~3 should evolve into the massive and bright ($M_r$<-21.5) galaxy population which typically occupy haloes of mass $langle M_hrangle$ = 10$^{13.9}$ h$^{-1}$ $M_{odot}$ at redshift $z$=0.
We present the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS), a spectroscopic redshift survey of ~10.000 very faint galaxies to study the major phase of galaxy assembly 2<z<~6. The survey covers 1 deg^2 in 3 separate fields: COSMOS, ECDFS and VVDS-02h, with targets selection based on an inclusive combination of photometric redshifts and color properties. Spectra covering 3650<lambda<9350 A are obtained with VIMOS on the ESO-VLT with integration times of 14h. Here we present the survey strategy, the target selection, the data processing, as well as the redshift measurement process, emphasizing the specific methods adapted to this high redshift range. The spectra quality and redshift reliability are discussed, and we derive a completeness in redshift measurement of 91%, or 74% for the most reliable measurements, down to i_AB=25, and measurements are performed all the way down to i_AB=27. The redshift distribution of the main sample peaks at z=3-4 and extends over a large redshift range mainly in 2 < z < 6. At 3<z<5, the galaxies cover a large range of luminosities -23< M_U < -20.5, stellar mass 10^9 M_sun< M_star < 10^{11} M_sun, and star formation rates 1 M_sun/yr< SFR < 10^3 M_sun/yr. We discuss the spectral properties of galaxies using individual as well as stacked spectra. The comparison between spectroscopic and photometric redshifts as well as color selection demonstrate the effectiveness of our selection scheme. With ~6000 galaxies with reliable spectroscopic redshifts in 2<z<6 expected when complete, this survey is the largest at these redshifts and offers the opportunity for unprecedented studies of the star-forming galaxy population and its distribution in large scale structures during the major phase of galaxy assembly.
We present an analysis of ~60 000 massive (stellar mass M_star > 10^{11} M_sun) galaxies out to z = 1 drawn from 55.2 deg2 of the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) II Supernova Survey. This is by far the largest survey of massive galaxies with robust mass estimates, based on infrared (K-band) photometry, reaching to the Universe at about half its present age. We find that the most massive (M_star > 10^{11.5} M_sun) galaxies have experienced rapid growth in number since z = 1, while the number densities of the less massive systems show rather mild evolution. Such a hierarchical trend of evolution is consistent with the predictions of the current semi-analytic galaxy formation model based on Lambda CDM theory. While the majority of massive galaxies are red-sequence populations, we find that a considerable fraction of galaxies are blue star-forming galaxies. The blue fraction is smaller in more massive systems and decreases toward the local Universe, leaving the red, most massive galaxies at low redshifts, which would support the idea of active bottom-up formation of these populations during 0 < z < 1.
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