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Strong interaction physics under extreme conditions of high temperature and/or density is of central interest in modern nuclear physics for experimentalists and theorists alike. In order to investigate such systems, model approaches that include hadrons and quarks in a unified approach, will be discussed. Special attention will be given to high-density matter as it occurs in neutron stars. Given the current observational limits for neutron star masses, the properties of hyperonic and hybrid stars will be determined. In this context especially the question of the extent, to which exotic particles like hyperons and quarks affect star masses, will be discussed.
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Stellar masses play a crucial role in the exploration of galaxy properties and the evolution of the galaxy population. In this paper, we explore the minimum possible uncertainties in stellar mass-to-light (M/L) ratios from the assumed star formation history (SFH) and metallicity distribution, with the goals of providing a minimum set of requirements for observational studies. We use a large Monte Carlo library of SFHs to study as a function of galaxy spectral type and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) the statistical uncertainties of M/L values using either absorption-line data or broad band colors. The accuracy of M/L estimates can be significantly improved by using metal-sensitive indices in combination with age-sensitive indices, in particular for galaxies with intermediate-age or young stellar populations. While M/L accuracy clearly depends on the spectral S/N ratio, there is no significant gain in improving the S/N much above 50/pix and limiting uncertainties of 0.03 dex are reached. Assuming that dust is accurately corrected or absent and that the redshift is known, color-based M/L estimates are only slightly more uncertain than spectroscopic estimates (at comparable spectroscopic and photometric quality), but are more easily affected by systematic biases. This is the case in particular for galaxies with bursty SFHs (high Hdelta at fixed D4000), the M/L of which cannot be constrained any better than 0.15 dex with any indicators explored here. Finally, we explore the effects of the assumed prior distribution in SFHs and metallicity, finding them to be higher for color-based estimates.
In an attempt to select stars that can host planets with characteristics similar to our own, we selected seven solar-type stars known to host planets in the habitable zone and for which spectroscopic stellar parameters are available. For these stars we estimated empirical abundances of O, C, Mg and Si, which in turn we used to derive the iron and water mass fraction of the planet building blocks with the use of the model presented in Santos et al. (2015). Our results show that if rocky planets orbit these stars they might have significantly different compositions between themselves and different from that of our Earth. However, for a meaningful comparison between the compositional properties of exoplanets in the habitable zone and our own planet, a far more sophisticated analysis (e.g. Dorn et al., 2017) of a large number of systems with precise mass and radius of planets, and accurate chemical abundances of the host stars. The work presented here is merely the first humble step in this direction.
Context: The identification of long-gamma-ray-bursts (LGRBs) is still uncertain, although the collapsar engine of fast-rotating massive stars is gaining a strong consensus. Aims: We propose that low-metallicity Be and Oe stars, which are massive fast rotators, as potential LGRBs progenitors. Methods: We checked this hypothesis by 1) testing the global specific angular momentum of Oe/Be stars in the ZAMS with the SMC metallicity, 2) comparing the ZAMS ($Omega/Omega_{rm c},M/M_{odot}$) parameters of these stars with the area predicted theoretically for progenitors with metallicity $Z=0.002$, and 3) calculating the expected rate of LGRBs/year/galaxy and comparing them with the observed ones. To this end, we determined the ZAMS linear and angular rotational velocities for SMC Be and Oe stars using the observed vsini parameters, corrected from the underestimation induced by the gravitational darkening effect. Results: The angular velocities of SMC Oe/Be stars are on average $<Omega/Omega_{rm c}>=0.95$ in the ZAMS. These velocities are in the area theoretically predicted for the LGRBs progenitors. We estimated the yearly rate per galaxy of LGRBs and the number of LGRBs produced in the local Universe up to z=0.2. We have considered that the mass range of LGRB progenitors corresponds to stars hotter than spectral types B0-B1 and used individual beaming angles from 5 to 15degr. We thus obtain $R^{rm pred}_{rm LGRB}sim10^{-7}$ to $sim10^{-6}$ LGRBs/year/galaxy, which represents on average 2 to 14 LGRB predicted events in the local Universe during the past 11 years. The predicted rates could widely surpass the observed ones [(0.2-3)$times10^{-7}$ LGRBs/year/galaxy; 8 LGRBs observed in the local Universe during the last 11 years] if the stellar counts were made from the spectral type B1-B2, in accordance with the expected apparent spectral types of the appropriate massive fast rotators. Conclusion: We conclude that the massive Be/Oe stars with SMC metallicity could be LGRBs progenitors. Nevertheless, other SMC O/B stars without emission lines, which have high enough specific angular momentum, can enhance the predicted $R_{rm LGRB}$ rate.
Using the quantum information picture to describe the early universe as a time dependent quantum density matrix, with time playing the role of a stochastic variable, we compute the non-gaussian features in the distribution of primordial fluctuations. We use a quasi de Sitter model to compute the corresponding quantum Fisher information function as the second derivative of the relative entanglement entropy for the density matrix at two different times. We define the curvature fluctuations in terms of the time quantum estimator. Using standard quantum estimation theory we compute the non-gaussian features in the statistical distribution of primordial fluctuations. Our approach is model independent and only relies on the existence of a quasi de Sitter phase. We show that there are primordial non-gaussianities, both in the form of squeezed and equilateral shapes. The squeezed limit gives a value of $f_{rm NL} sim n_s-1$. In the equilateral limit we find that $f_{rm NL} sim 0.03$. The equilateral non-gaussianity is due to the non-linearity of Einsteins equation. On the other hand, the squeezed one is due to the quantum nature of clock synchronization and thus real and cannot be gauged away as a global curvature. We identify a new effect: {it clock bias} which is a pure quantum effect and introduces a bias in the spectral tilt and running of the power spectrum of order $sim 10^{-4}$, which could be potentially measurable and yield precious information on the quantum nature of the early Universe.
The angular momentum of the Kerr singularity should not be larger than a threshold value so that it is enclosed by an event horizon: The Kerr singularity with the angular momentum exceeding the threshold value is naked. This fact suggests that if the cosmic censorship exists in our Universe, an over-spinning body without releasing its angular momentum cannot collapse to spacetime singularities. A simple kinematical estimate of two particles approaching each other supports this expectation and suggests the existence of a minimum size of an over-spinning body. But this does not imply that the geometry near the naked singularity cannot appear. By analyzing initial data, i.e., a snapshot of a spinning body, we see that an over-spinning body may produce a geometry close to the Kerr naked singularity around itself at least as a transient configuration.
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