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Register a new userImmersing carbon nano-tubes in cold atomic gases
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We investigate the sympathetic relaxation of a free-standing, vibrating carbon nano-tube that is mounted on an atom chip and is immersed in a cloud of ultra-cold atoms. Gas atoms colliding with the nano-tube excite phonons via a Casimir-Polder potential. We use Fermis Golden Rule to estimate the relaxation rates for relevant experimental parameters and develop a fully dynamic theory of relaxation for the multi-mode phononic field embedded in a thermal atomic reservoir. Based on currently available experimental data, we identify the relaxation rates as a function of atom density and temperature that are required for sympathetic ground state cooling of carbon nano-tubes.
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Frank W. J. Hekking performed his PhD work on Aspects of Electron Transport in Semiconductor Nanostructures at the TU Delft in 1992. He then worked as a postdoc at the University of Karlsruhe, the University of Minnesota, the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and the Ruhr University at Bochum. In 1999 he joined the LPMMC (Laboratoire de Physique et Mod elisation des Milieux Condens es) in Grenoble and was appointed Professor at the Universit e Joseph Fourier and afterwards Universit e Grenoble Alpes. Frank Hekking was nominated as a member of the Institut Universitaire de France, for the periods 2002-2007 and 2012-2017. This review provides an overview of his scientific contributions to several fields of mesoscopic electron transport and superconductivity as well as atomic gases, and is organized along sections describing the different themes.
We study systems of fully polarized ultracold atomic gases obeying Fermi statistics. The atomic transition interacts dispersively with a mode of a standing-wave cavity, which is coherently pumped by a laser. In this setup, the intensity of the intracavity field is determined by the refractive index of the atomic medium, and thus by the atomic density distribution. Vice versa, the density distribution of the atom is determined by the cavity field potential, whose depth is proportional to the intracavity field amplitude. In this work we show that this nonlinearity leads to an instability in the intracavity intensity that differs substantially from dispersive optical bistability, as this effect is already present in the regime, where the atomic dipole is proportional to the cavity field. Such instability is driven by the matter waves fluctuations and exhibits a peculiar dependence on the fluctuations in the atomic density distribution.
We study the dynamics of two ensembles of atoms (or equivalently, atomic clocks) coupled to a bad cavity and pumped incoherently by a Raman laser. Our main result is the nonequilibrium phase diagram for this experimental setup in terms of two parameters - detuning between the clocks and the repump rate. There are three main phases - trivial steady state (Phase I), where all atoms are maximally pumped, nontrivial steady state corresponding to monochromatic superradiance (Phase II), and amplitude-modulated superradiance (Phase III). Phases I and II are fixed points of the mean-field dynamics, while in most of Phase III stable attractors are limit cycles. Equations of motion possess an axial symmetry and a $mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry with respect to the interchange of the two clocks. Either one or both of these symmetries are spontaneously broken in various phases. The trivial steady state loses stability via a supercritical Hopf bifurcation bringing about a $mathbb{Z}_{2}$-symmetric limit cycle. The nontrivial steady state goes through a subcritical Hopf bifurcation responsible for coexistence of monochromatic and amplitude-modulated superradiance. Using Floquet analysis, we show that the $mathbb{Z}_{2}$-symmetric limit cycle eventually becomes unstable and gives rise to two $mathbb{Z}_{2}$-asymmetric limit cycles via a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation. Each of the above attractors has its own unique fingerprint in the power spectrum of the light radiated from the cavity. In particular, limit cycles in Phase III emit frequency combs - series of equidistant peaks, where the symmetry of the frequency comb reflects the symmetry of the underlying limit cycle. For typical experimental parameters, the spacing between the peaks is several orders of magnitude smaller than the monochromatic superradiance frequency, making the lasing frequency highly tunable.
We discuss a hybrid quantum system where a dielectric membrane situated inside an optical cavity is coupled to a distant atomic ensemble trapped in an optical lattice. The coupling is mediated by the exchange of sideband photons of the lattice laser, and is enhanced by the cavity finesse as well as the square root of the number of atoms. In addition to observing coherent dynamics between the two systems, one can also switch on a tailored dissipation by laser cooling the atoms, thereby allowing for sympathetic cooling of the membrane. The resulting cooling scheme does not require resolved sideband conditions for the cavity, which relaxes a constraint present in standard optomechanical cavity cooling. We present a quantum mechanical treatment of this modular open system which takes into account the dominant imperfections, and identify optimal operation points for both coherent dynamics and sympathetic cooling. In particular, we find that ground state cooling of a cryogenically pre-cooled membrane is possible for realistic parameters.
The rapidly developing field of optomechanics aims at the combined control of optical and mechanical (solid-state or atomic) modes. In particular, laser cooled atoms have been used to exploit optomechanical coupling for self-organization in a variety of schemes where the accessible length scales are constrained by a combination of pump modes and those associated to a second imposed axis, typically a cavity axis. Here, we consider a system with many spatial degrees of freedom around a single distinguished axis, in which two symmetries - rotations and translations in the plane orthogonal to the pump axis - are spontaneously broken. We observe the simultaneous spatial structuring of the density of a cold atomic cloud and an optical pump beam. The resulting patterns have hexagonal symmetry. The experiment demonstrates the manipulation of matter by opto-mechanical self-assembly with adjustable length scales and can be potentially extended to quantum degenerate gases.
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