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A system of two masses connected with a weightless rod (called dumbbell in this paper) interacting with a flat boundary is considered. The sharp bound on the number of collisions with the boundary is found using billiard techniques. In case, the ratio of masses is large and the dumbbell rotates fast, an adiabatic invariant is obtained.
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We study the dynamics of a bouncing coin whose motion is restricted to the two-dimensional plane. Such coin model is equivalent to the system of two equal masses connected by a rigid rod, making elastic collisions with a flat boundary. We first describe the coin system as a point billiard with a scattering boundary. Then we analytically verify that the billiard map acting on the two disjoint sets produces a Smale horseshoe structure. We also prove that any random sequence of coin collisions can be realized by choosing an appropriate initial condition.
We analyse the dynamics of a two dimensional system of interacting active dumbbells. We characterise the mean-square displacement, linear response function and deviation from the equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem as a function of activity strength, packing fraction and temperature for parameters such that the system is in its homogeneous phase. While the diffusion constant in the last diffusive regime naturally increases with activity and decreases with packing fraction, we exhibit an intriguing non-monotonic dependence on the activity of the ratio between the finite density and the single particle diffusion constants. At fixed packing fraction, the time-integrated linear response function depends non-monotonically on activity strength. The effective temperature extracted from the ratio between the integrated linear response and the mean-square displacement in the last diffusive regime is always higher than the ambient temperature, increases with increasing activity and, for small active force it monotonically increases with density while for sufficiently high activity it first increases to next decrease with the packing fraction. We ascribe this peculiar effect to the existence of finite-size clusters for sufficiently high activity and density at the fixed (low) temperatures at which we worked. The crossover occurs at lower activity or density the lower the external temperature. The finite density effective temperature is higher (lower) than the single dumbbell one below (above) a cross-over value of the Peclet number.
For strictly convex billiard maps of smooth boundaries, we get a Birkhoff normal form via a list of constructive generating functions. Based on this, we get an explicit formula for the beta function (locally), and explored the relation between the spectral invariants of the billiard maps and the beta function.
In this paper, we discuss rotation number on the invariant curve of a one parameter family of outer billiard tables. Given a convex polygon $eta$, we can construct an outer billiard table $T$ by cutting out a fixed area from the interior of $eta$. $T$ is piece-wise hyperbolic and the polygon $eta$ is an invariant curve of $T$ under the billiard map $phi$. We will show that, if $beta $ is a periodic point under the outer billiard map with rational rotation number $tau = p / q$, then the $n$th iteration of the billiard map is not the local identity at $beta$. This proves that the rotation number $tau$ as a function of the area parameter is a devils staircase function.
We show that for a fixed curve $K$ and for a family of variables curves $L$, the number of $n$-Poncelet pairs is $frac{e (n)}{2}$, where $e(n)$ is the number of natural numbers $m$ smaller than $n$ and which satisfies mcd $ (m,n)=1$. The curvee $K$ do not have to be part of the family. In order to show this result we consider an associated billiard transformation and a twist map which preserves area. We use Aubry-Mather theory and the rotation number of invariant curves to obtain our main result. In the last section we estimate the derivative of the rotation number of a general twist map using some properties of the continued fraction expansion .
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