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Register a new userNumerical stability analysis of the Pseudo-Spectral Analytical Time-Domain PIC algorithm
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The pseudo-spectral analytical time-domain (PSATD) particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm solves the vacuum Maxwells equations exactly, has no Courant time-step limit (as conventionally defined), and offers substantial flexibility in plasma and particle beam simulations. It is, however, not free of the usual numerical instabilities, including the numerical Cherenkov instability, when applied to relativistic beam simulations. This paper derives and solves the numerical dispersion relation for the PSATD algorithm and compares the results with corresponding behavior of the more conventional pseudo-spectral time-domain (PSTD) and finite difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms. In general, PSATD offers superior stability properties over a reasonable range of time steps. More importantly, one version of the PSATD algorithm, when combined with digital filtering, is almost completely free of the numerical Cherenkov instability for time steps (scaled to the speed of light) comparable to or smaller than the axial cell size.
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The pseudo-spectral analytical time-domain (PSATD) particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm solves the vacuum Maxwells equations exactly, has no Courant time-step limit (as conventionally defined), and offers substantial flexibility in plasma and particle beam simulations. It is, however, not free of the usual numerical instabilities, including the numerical Cherenkov instability, when applied to relativistic beam simulations. This paper presents several approaches that, when combined with digital filtering, almost completely eliminate the numerical Cherenkov instability. The paper also investigates the numerical stability of the PSATD algorithm at low beam energies.
Rapidly growing numerical instabilities routinely occur in multidimensional particle-in-cell computer simulations of plasma-based particle accelerators, astrophysical phenomena, and relativistic charged particle beams. Reducing instability growth to acceptable levels has necessitated higher resolution grids, high-order field solvers, current filtering, etc. except for certain ratios of the time step to the axial cell size, for which numerical growth rates and saturation levels are reduced substantially. This paper derives and solves the cold beam dispersion relation for numerical instabilities in multidimensional, relativistic, electromagnetic particle-in-cell programs employing either the standard or the Cole-Karkkainnen finite difference field solver on a staggered mesh and the common Esirkepov current-gathering algorithm. Good overall agreement is achieved with previously reported results of the WARP code. In particular, the existence of select time steps for which instabilities are minimized is explained. Additionally, an alternative field interpolation algorithm is proposed for which instabilities are almost completely eliminated for a particular time step in ultra-relativistic simulations.
In this study, the neuronal current in the brain is represented using Helmholtz decomposition. It was shown in earlier work that data obtained via electroencephalography (EEG) are affected only by the irrotational component of the current. The irrotational component is denoted by $Psi$ and has support in the cerebrum. This inverse problem is severely ill-posed and requires that additional constraints are imposed. Here, we impose the requirement of the minimization of the $L_2$ norm of the current (energy). The function $Psi$ is expanded in terms of inverse multiquadric radial basis functions (RBF) on a uniform Cartesian grid inside the cerebrum. The minimal energy constraint in conjunction with the RBF parametrization of $Psi$ results in a Tikhonov regularized solution of $Psi$. The RBF shape parameter (regularization parameter), is computed by solving a 1-D non-linear maximization problem. Reconstructions are presented using synthetic data with a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of $20$ dB. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the exact and the reconstructed $Psi$ is RMSE=$0.1122$. The proposed reconstruction algorithm is computationally efficient and can be vectorized in MATLAB.
The 3D quasi-static particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm is a very efficient method for modeling short-pulse laser or relativistic charged particle beam-plasma interactions. In this algorithm, the plasma response to a non-evolving laser or particle beam is calculated using Maxwells equations based on the quasi-static approximate equations that exclude radiation. The plasma fields are then used to advance the laser or beam forward using a large time step. The algorithm is many orders of magnitude faster than a 3D fully explicit relativistic electromagnetic PIC algorithm. It has been shown to be capable to accurately model the evolution of lasers and particle beams in a variety of scenarios. At the same time, an algorithm in which the fields, currents and Maxwell equations are decomposed into azimuthal harmonics has been shown to reduce the complexity of a 3D explicit PIC algorithm to that of a 2D algorithm when the expansion is truncated while maintaining accuracy for problems with near azimuthal symmetry. This hybrid algorithm uses a PIC description in r-z and a gridless description in $phi$. We describe a novel method that combines the quasi-static and hybrid PIC methods. This algorithm expands the fields, charge and current density into azimuthal harmonics. A set of the quasi-static field equations are derived for each harmonic. The complex amplitudes of the fields are then solved using the finite difference method. The beam and plasma particles are advanced in Cartesian coordinates using the total fields. Details on how this algorithm was implemented using a similar workflow to an existing quasi-static code, QuickPIC, are presented. The new code is called QPAD for QuickPIC with Azimuthal Decomposition. Benchmarks and comparisons between a fully 3D explicit PIC code, a full 3D quasi-static code, and the new quasi-static PIC code with azimuthal decomposition are also presented.
When using an electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM-PIC) code to simulate a relativistically drifting plasma, a violent numerical instability known as the numerical Cerenkov instability (NCI) occurs. The NCI is due to the unphysical coupling of electromagnetic waves on a grid to wave-particle resonances, including aliased resonances, i.e., $omega + 2pimu/Delta t=(k_1+ 2pi u_1/Delta x_1)v_0$, where $mu$ and $ u_1$ refer to the time and space aliases and the plasma is drifting relativistically at velocity $v_0$ in the $hat{1}$-direction. Recent studies have shown that an EM-PIC code which uses a spectral field solver and a low pass filter can eliminate the fastest growing modes of the NCI. Based on these studies a new spectral PIC code for studying laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) in the Lorentz boosted frame was developed. However, we show that for parameters of relevance for LWFA simulations in the boosted frame, a relativistically drifting plasma is susceptible to a host of additional unstable modes with lower growth rates, and that these modes appear when the fastest growing unstable modes are filtered out. We show that these modes are most easily identified as the coupling between modes which are purely transverse (EM) and purely longitudinal (Langmuir) in the rest frame of the plasma for specific time and space aliases. We rewrite the dispersion relation of the drifting plasma for a general field solver and obtain analytic expressions for the location and growth rate for each unstable mode, i.e, for each time and space aliased resonances. We show for the spectral solver that when the fastest growing mode is eliminated a new mode at the fundamental resonance ($mu= u_1=0$) can be seen. (Please check the whole abstract in the paper).
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