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Register a new userAnalysis of Three SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae in the Kepler Field
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Taichi Kato
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We studied the Kepler light curves of three SU UMa-type dwarf novae. Both the background dwarf nova of KIC 4378554 and V516 Lyr showed a combination of precursor-main superoutburst, during which superhumps always developed on the fading branch of the precursor. This finding supports the thermal-tidal instability theory as the origin of the superoutburst. A superoutburst of V585 Lyr recorded by Kepler did not show a precursor outburst and the superhumps developed only after the maximum light, a first example in the Kepler data so far. Such a superoutburst is understood within the thermal-tidal instability model. The observation of V585 Lyr made the first clear Kepler detection of the positive period derivative commonly seen in the stage B superhumps in dwarf novae with short orbital periods. In all objects, there was no strong signature of a transition to the dominating stream impact-type component of superhumps, suggesting that there is no strong indication of an enhanced mass-transfer following the superoutburst. We have determined the orbital period of V516 Lyr to be 0.083999(8) d. In V516 Lyr, some of outbursts were double outbursts in a various degree. The preceding outburst in the double outburst was of the inside-out nature while the following one was of the outside-in nature. One of superoutbursts in V516 Lyr was preceded by a double precursor. The preceding precursor failed to trigger a superoutburst and the following precursor triggered a superoutburst by developing positive superhumps.
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We systematically surveyed period variations of superhumps in SU UMa-type dwarf novae based on newly obtained data and past publications. In many systems, the evolution of superhump period are found to be composed of three distinct stages: early evolutionary stage with a longer superhump period, middle stage with systematically varying periods, final stage with a shorter, stable superhump period. During the middle stage, many systems with superhump periods less than 0.08 d show positive period derivatives. Contrary to the earlier claim, we found no clear evidence for variation of period derivatives between superoutburst of the same object. We present an interpretation that the lengthening of the superhump period is a result of outward propagation of the eccentricity wave and is limited by the radius near the tidal truncation. We interpret that late stage superhumps are rejuvenized excitation of 3:1 resonance when the superhumps in the outer disk is effectively quenched. Many of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae showed long-enduring superhumps during the post-superoutburst stage having periods longer than those during the main superoutburst. The period derivatives in WZ Sge-type dwarf novae are found to be strongly correlated with the fractional superhump excess, or consequently, mass ratio. WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with a long-lasting rebrightening or with multiple rebrightenings tend to have smaller period derivatives and are excellent candidate for the systems around or after the period minimum of evolution of cataclysmic variables (abridged).
SU UMa stars are characterized by superoutbursts which are brighter at maximum light and which last much longer than the more frequent ordinary outbursts of these dwarf novae. Although there are now more than 1180 SU UMa type dwarf novae catalogued, our knowledge on their superoutburst cycle length Cso was hitherto limited to about 6$%$ of the entire sample of known SU UMa stars. Using public data bases we have determined new Cso values for a total of 206 additional SU UMa stars in the range 17 d $<$ Cso $<$ 4590 d (including some ER UMa and WZ Sge type representants) within total time intervals between 2 and 57 years, and with an estimated uncertainty of $pm$11$%$. This way, we are increasing our present knowledge of Cso values by a factor $sim$3.8. Its distribution is characterized by a broad maximum around Cso $approx$ 270 days, and slowly decreasing numbers till Cso $approx$ 800 d. The domain Cso $>$ 450 d was unexplored until now; we add here 106 cases ($sim$51$%$ of our total sample) in this range of long cycles, implying a better statistical basis for future studies of their distribution. Our sample contains 16 known WZ Sge stars, and we propose WZ Sge membership for 5 others hitherto classified as ordinary SU UMa stars. Individual superoutburst timings deviate in average about $pm$7$%$ of the cycle length from their overall linear ephemeris, conrming a pronounced quasi-periodic repeatability of superoutbursts. All relevant parameters are listed with their errors, and a table with individual superoutburst epochs of our targets is given, enabling future researchers to combine our results with other (past or future) observations.
Continuing the project described by Kato et al. (2009, PASJ, 61, S395, arXiv/0905.1757), we collected times of superhump maxima for 102 SU UMa-type dwarf novae observed mainly during the 2017 season and characterized these objects. WZ Sge-type stars identified in this study are PT And, ASASSN-17ei, ASASSN-17el, ASASSN-17es, ASASSN-17fn, ASASSN-17fz, ASASSN-17hw, ASASSN-17kd, ASASSN-17la, PNV J20205397+2508145 and TCP J00332502-3518565. We obtained new mass ratios for 7 objects using growing superhumps (stage A). ASASSN-17gf is an EI Psc-type object below the period minimum. CRTS J080941.3+171528 and DDE 51 are objects in the period gap and both showed long-lasting phase of stage A superhumps. We also summarized the recent advances in understanding of SU UMa-type and WZ Sge-type dwarf novae.
As an extension of the project in Kato et al. (2009, arXiv:0905.1757), we collected times of superhump maxima for 61 SU UMa-type dwarf novae mainly observed during the 2009-2010 season. The newly obtained data confirmed the basic findings reported in Kato et al. (2009): the presence of stages A-C, as well as the predominance of positive period derivatives during stage B in systems with superhump periods shorter than 0.07 d. There was a systematic difference in period derivatives for systems with superhump periods longer than 0.075 d between this study and Kato et al. (2009). We suggest that this difference is possibly caused by the relative lack of frequently outbursting SU UMa-type dwarf novae in this period regime in the present study. We recorded a strong beat phenomenon during the 2009 superoutburst of IY UMa. The close correlation between the beat period and superhump period suggests that the changing angular velocity of the apsidal motion of the elliptical disk is responsible for the variation of superhump periods. We also described three new WZ Sge-type objects with established early superhumps and one with likely early superhumps. We also suggest that two systems, VX For and EL UMa, are WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with multiple rebrightenings. The O-C variation in OT J213806.6+261957 suggests that the frequent absence of rebrightenings in very short-Porb objects can be a result of sustained superoutburst plateau at the epoch when usual SU UMa-type dwarf novae return to quiescence preceding a rebrightening. We also present a formulation for a variety of Bayesian extension to traditional period analyses.
Continuing the project described by Kato et al. (2009, arXiv:0905.1757), we studied 86 SU UMa-type dwarf novae. We confirmed the general trends such as the relation between period derivatives and orbital periods. There are some systems showing positive period derivatives despite the long orbital periods. We observed the 2011 outburst of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova BW Scl, and recorded an O-C diagram similar to those of previously known WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. The WZ Sge-type dwarf nova OT J184228.1+483742 showed an unusual pattern of double outbursts composed of an outburst with early superhumps and one with ordinary superhumps. We propose an interpretation that a very small growth rate of the 3:1 resonance due to an extremely low mass-ratio led to a quenching of the superoutburst before the ordinary superhumps appeared. We studied ER UMa-type dwarf novae and found that V1159 Ori showed positive superhumps similar to ER UMa in the 1990s. The recently recognized ER UMa-type object BK Lyn dominantly showed negative superhumps, and its behavior was very similar to the present-day state of ER UMa. The pattern of period variations in AM CVn-type objects were very similar to short-period hydrogen-rich SU UMa-type dwarf novae, making them helium analogue of hydrogen-rich SU UMa-type dwarf novae. SBS 1108+574, a peculiar hydrogen-rich dwarf nova below the period minimum, showed a very similar pattern of period variations to those of short-period SU UMa-type dwarf novae. The mass-ratio derived from the detected orbital period suggests that this secondary is a somewhat evolved star whose hydrogen envelope was mostly stripped during the mass-exchange. CC Scl, MASTER OT J072948.66+593824.4 and OT J173516.9+154708 showed only low-amplitude superhumps with complex profiles. These superhumps are likely a combination of closely separated two periods.
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