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Register a new userBeam studies of novel THGEM-based potential sampling elements for Digital Hadron Calorimetry
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Beam studies of thin single- and double-stage THGEM-based detectors are presented. Several 10 x 10 cm^2 configurations with a total thickness of 5-6 mm (excluding readout electronics), with 1 x 1 cm^2 pads inductively coupled through a resistive layer to APV-SRS readout electronics, were investigated with muons and pions. Detection efficiencies in the 98% range were recorded with an average pad-multiplicity of ~1.1. The resistive anode resulted in efficient discharge damping, with few-volt potential drops; discharge probabilities were ~10^{-7} for muons and 10^{-6} for pions in the double-stage configuration, at rates of a few kHz/cm^2. These results, together with the robustness of THGEM electrodes against spark damage and their suitability for economic production over large areas make THGEM-based detectors highly competitive compared to the other technologies considered for the SiD-DHCAL.
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We report on the results of an extensive R&D program aimed at the evaluation of Thick-Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEM) as potential active elements for Digital Hadron Calorimetry (DHCAL). Results are presented on efficiency, pad multiplicity and discharge probability of a 10x10 cm2 prototype detector with 1 cm2 readout pads. The detector is comprised of single- or double-THGEM multipliers coupled to the pad electrode either directly or via a resistive anode. Investigations employing standard discrete electronics and the KPiX readout system have been carried out both under laboratory conditions and with muons and pions at the CERN RD51 test beam. For detectors having a charge-induction gap, it has been shown that even a ~6 mm thick single-THGEM detector reached detection efficiencies above 95%, with pad-hit multiplicity of 1.1-1.2 per event; discharge probabilities were of the order of 1e-6 - 1e-5 sparks/trigger, depending on the detector structure and gain. Preliminary beam tests with a WELL hole-structure, closed by a resistive anode, yielded discharge probabilities of <2e-6 for an efficiency of ~95%. Methods are presented to reduce charge-spread and pad multiplicity with resistive anodes. The new method showed good prospects for further evaluation of very thin THGEM-based detectors as potential active elements for DHCAL, with competitive performances, simplicity and robustness. Further developments are in course.
Glass RPC detectors are an attractive candidate for the active part of a highly granular digital hadron calorimeter (DHCAL) at the ILC. A numerical study, based on the GEANT3 simulation package, of the performance of such a calorimeter is presented in this work. A simplified model for the RPC response, tuned on real data, is implemented in the simulation. The reliability of the simulation is demonstrated by comparison to existing data collected with a large volume calorimeter prototype exposed to a pion beam in an energy range from 2 GeV to 10 GeV. In view of an optimization of the readout pitch, a detailed study of the energy and position resolution at the single hadron level for different read-out pad dimensions is presented. These results are then used in a parametric form to obtain a preliminary estimate of the contribution of DHCAL to the reconstruction of the energy flow at the ILC detector.
The conceptual design and operational principle of a novel high-efficiency, fast neutron imaging detector based on THGEM, intended for future fan-beam transmission tomography applications, is described. We report on a feasibility study based on theoretical modeling and computer simulations of a possible detector configuration prototype. In particular we discuss results regarding the optimization of detector geometry, estimation of its general performance, and expected imaging quality: it has been estimated that detection efficiency of around 5-8% can be achieved for 2.5MeV neutrons; spatial resolution is around one millimeter with no substantial degradation due to scattering effects. The foreseen applications of the imaging system are neutron tomography in non-destructive testing for the nuclear energy industry, including examination of spent nuclear fuel bundles, detection of explosives or drugs, as well as investigation of thermal hydraulics phenomena (e.g., two-phase flow, heat transfer, phase change, coolant dynamics, and liquid metal flow).
The Particle Flow Analysis approach retained for the future ILC detectors requires high granularity and compact particle energy deposition. A Glass Resistive Plate Chamber based Semi-Digital calorimeter can offer both at a low price for the hadronic section. This paper presents some recent developments and results near test beam in the use of Glass Resistive Plate Chamber with embedded front-end electronics to build a prototype based on this principle. All the critical parameters such as the spatial and angular uniformity of the response as well as the noise level have been measured on small chambers and found to be appropriate. Small semi-conductive chambers allowing for high rates and a large chamber have also been tested.
Fast hadrons have been observed to cause a cumulative damage in Lead Tungstate and LYSO crystals. The underlying mechanism has been proven to be the creation of fission tracks, which act as scattering centres, thus reducing the light collection efficiency. For calorimetry applications in an environment where large, fast hadron fluences are anticipated, predictions about damage in crystals are of great importance for making an informed choice of technology. In the study presented here, simulations using the FLUKA package have been performed on Lead Tungstate, LYSO and Cerium Fluoride, and their results have been compared with measurements. The agreement that is found between simulation results and experimental measurements allows to conclude that the damage amplitude in a given material can be predicted with a precision that is sufficient to anticipate the damage expected during detector operation.
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