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Register a new userThe expansion proper motions of the extraordinary giant lobes of the planetary nebula KjPn 8 revisited
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The primary aim is to establish a firm value for the distance to the extraordinary planetary nebula KjPn 8. Secondary aims are to measure the ages of the three giant lobes of this object as well as estimate the energy in the eruption, that caused the most energetic outflow, for comparison with that of an intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT). For these purposes a mosaic of images in the Halpha+[N II] optical emission lines has been obtained with the new Aristarchos telescope in 2011 for comparison with the images of the KjPn 8 giant lobes present on the POSSI-R 1954 and POSSII-R 1991 plates. Expansion proper motions of features over this 57 yr baseline in the outflows are present. Using these, a firm distance to KjPn 8 of 1.8 +- 0.3 kpc has been derived for now the angle of the latest outflow to the sky has been established from HST imagery of the nebular core. Previously, the uncertain predictions of a bow-shock model were used for this purpose. The dynamical ages of the three separate outflows that form the giant lobes of KjPn 8 are also directly measured as 3200, 7200 and >= 5x10^4 yr respectively which confirms their sequential ejection. Moreover, the kinetic energy of the youngest and most energetic of these is measured as ~10^47 erg which is compatible with an ILOT origin.
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Planetary nebulae expand on time scales of 10^3-10^4 yr. For nearby objects, their expansion can be detected within years to decades. The pattern of expansion probes the internal velocity field and provides clues to the nebula ejection mechanism. In the case of non-symmetric nebulae, and bipolar nebulae in particular, it can also provide information on the development of the morphology. We have measured the expansion proper motions in NGC 6302 from two epochs of HST imaging, separated by 9.43 years. This is used to determine the expansion age and the structure of the velocity field. We use HST images in the [N II] 6583{AA} filter from HST WF/PC2 and WFC3. The proper motions were obtained for a set of 200 individual tiles within 90 of the central star. The velocity field shows a characteristic linear increase of velocity with radial distance (a so-called Hubble flow). It agrees well with a previous determination by Meaburn et al. (2008), made in a lobe further from the star, which was based on a much longer time span. The pattern of proper motion vectors is mostly radial and the origin is close to the position of the central star directly detected by Szyszka et al. (2009). The results show that the lobes of NGC 6302 were ejected during a brief event 2250 pm 35yr ago. In the inner regions there is evidence for a subsequent acceleration of the gas by an additional 9.2 km/s, possibly related to the onset of ionization. The dense and massive molecular torus was ejected over 5000yr, ending about 2900yr ago. The lobes were ejected after a short interlude (the jet lag) of sim 600 yr during a brief event. The torus and lobes orig- inate from separate mass-loss events with different physical processes. The delay between the cessation of equatorial mass loss and the ejection of the lobes provides an important constraint for explaining the final mass-loss stages of the progenitor stellar system.
Arches and Quintuplet are two young, massive clusters projected near the Galactic Center. To date, studies focused on understanding their origin have been based on proper motions (PMs) derived in the clusters reference frames and required some assumptions about their 3D motion. In this paper, we combine public PM catalogs of these clusters with the Gaia DR2 catalog and, for the first time, transform the relative PMs of the Arches and Quintuplet clusters onto an absolute reference system. We find that the absolute PM of the Arches is $(mu_alpha cosdelta,mu_delta)$ $=$ $(-1.45 pm 0.23,-2.68 pm 0.14)$ mas yr$^{-1}$, and that of the Quintuplet is $(mu_alpha cosdelta,mu_delta)$ $=$ $(-1.19 pm 0.09,-2.66 pm 0.18)$ mas yr$^{-1}$. These values suggest that these systems are moving almost parallel to the Galactic plane. A measurement of the clusters distances is still required to meaningfully constrain the clusters orbits and shed light on the origin of the Arches and Quintuplet.
We present measurements of internal proper motions at more than five hundred positions of NGC 2392, the Eskimo Nebula, based on images acquired with WFPC2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope at two epochs separated by 7.695 years. Comparison of the two observations shows clearly the expansion of the nebula. We measured the amplitude and direction of the motion of local structures in the nebula by determining their relative shift during that interval. In order to assess the potential uncertainties in the determination of proper motions in this object, and in general, the measurements were performed using two different methods, used previously in the literature. We compare the results from the two methods, and to perform the scientific analysis of the results we choose one, the cross-correlation method, as the more reliable. We go on to perform a criss-cross mapping analysis on the proper motion vectors which helps in the interpretation of the velocity pattern. Combining our results on the proper motions with radial velocity measurements obtained from high resolution spectroscopic observations, and employing an existing 3D model, we estimate the distance to the nebula as 1300 pc.
In this paper we present the results of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) ob- servations carried out with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) array and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) toward H2O masers in a young planetary nebula K 3-35. From the VERA observations we measured the annual parallax and proper mo- tion of a bright water maser spot in K 3-35. The resulting distance is D = 3.9+0.7 kpc. -0.5 This is the first time that the parallax of a planetary nebula is obtained by observations of its maser emission. On the other hand, the proper motion of K 3-35 as a whole was esti- mated to be {mu}{alpha} = -3.34+/-0.10 mas yr-1, {mu}{delta} = -5.93+/-0.07 mas yr-1. From these results we determined the position and velocity of K 3-35 in Galactic cylindrical coordinates: (R,{theta},z) = (7.11+0.08-0.06 kpc, 27+/-5{circ}, 140+25-18 pc) and (VR, V{theta}, Vz) = (33+/-16, 233+/-11, 11+/-2) km s-1, respectively. Additionally, from our VLBA observations we measured the relative proper motions among the water maser spots located in the central region of the nebula, which have been proposed to be tracing a toroidal structure. The distribution and relative proper motions of the masers, compared with previous reported observed epochs, suggest that such structure could be totally destroyed within a few years, due to the action of high velocity winds and the expansion of the ionization front in the nebula.
Proper motions (PMs) are crucial to fully understand the internal dynamics of globular clusters (GCs). To that end, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Proper Motion (HSTPROMO) collaboration has constructed large, high-quality PM catalogues for 22 Galactic GCs. We highlight some of our exciting recent results: the first directly-measured radial anisotropy profiles for a large sample of GCs; the first dynamical distance and mass-to-light (M/L) ratio estimates for a large sample of GCs; and the first dynamically-determined masses for hundreds of blue-straggler stars (BSSs) across a large GC sample.
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