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Register a new userHadronic processes as origin of TeV emission in Fanaroff-Riley Class I: Cen A, M87 and NGC1275
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Recent detections of Fanaroff-Riley Class I AGNs by HESS, MAGIC, and VERITAS suggest that very-high-energy gamma-rays (VHE, E > 100 GeV) may not have a leptonic origin. We present a hadronic model to describe the TeV photons as the neutral pion decay resulting from pgamma and pp interactions. For the pgamma interaction, we assume that the target photons are produced by leptonic processes and apparent at the second spectral peak. For the pp interaction we consider as targets the thermal particle densities in the lobes. We show that this model can describe the TeV spectra of the radio galaxies NCG 1275, M87 and Cen A
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We present deep, high-resolution imaging of the nearby Fanaroff-Riley Class I (FR I) radio galaxies NGC 193, B2 0206+35, B2 0755+37 and M 84 at frequencies of 4.9 and 1.4 GHz using new and archival multi-configuration observations from the Very Large Array. In addition, we describe lower-resolution observations of B2 0326+39 and a reanalysis of our published images of 3C 296. All of these radio galaxies show twin jets and well-defined lobes or bridges of emission, and we examine the common properties of this class of source. We show detailed images of total intensity, brightness gradient, spectral index, degree of polarization and projected magnetic-field direction. The jet bases are very similar to those in tailed twin-jet sources and show the characteristics of decelerating, relativistic flows. Except on one side of M 84, we find that the jets can be traced at least as far as the ends of the lobes, where they often form structures which we call caps with sharp outer brightness gradients. Continuing, but less well collimated flows back into the lobes from the caps can often be identified by their relatively flat spectral indices. The lobes in these radio galaxies are similar in morphology, spectral-index distribution and magnetic-field structure to those in more powerful (FR II) sources, but lack hot-spots or other evidence for strong shocks at the ends of the jets. M 84 may be an intermediate case between lobed and tailed sources, in which one jet does not reach the end of its lobe, but disrupts to form a bubble.
Fanaroff-Riley I radiogalaxies have been observed in TeV gamma-rays during the last decades. The origin of the emission processes related with this energy band is still under debate. Here we consider the case of the two closest Fanaroff-Riley I objects: Centaurus A and M87. Their entire broadband spectral energy distributions and variability fluxes show evidences that leptonic models are not sufficient to explain their fluxes above 100 GeV. Indeed, both objects have been imaged by LAT instrument aboard of Fermi telescope with measured spectra well connected with one-zone leptonic models. However, to explain the TeV spectra obtained with campaigns by H.E.S.S., for Centaurus A, and by VERITAS, MAGIC and H.E.S.S. for M87, different emission processes must be introduced. In this work we evoke hadronic scenarios to describe the TeV gamma-ray fluxes observed and to obtain the expected neutrino counterparts for each considered TeV campaign. With the obtained neutrino spectra we calculate, through Monte Carlo simulations, the expected neutrino event rate in a hypothetical Km$^{3}$ neutrino telescope and we compare the results with what has been observed by IceCube experiment up to now.
In this paper we present steady-state RMHD simulations that include a mass-load term to study the process of jet deceleration. The mass-load mimics the injection of a proton-electron plasma from stellar winds within the host galaxy into initially pair plasma jets, with mean stellar mass-losses ranging from $10^{-14}$ to $10^{-9},{M_odot,yr^{-1}}$. The spatial jet evolution covers $sim 500,{rm pc}$ from jet injection in the grid at 10~pc from the jet nozzle. Our simulations use a relativistic gas equation of state and a pressure profile for the ambient medium. We compare these simulations with previous dynamical simulations of relativistic, non-magnetised jets. Our results show that toroidal magnetic fields can prevent fast jet expansion and the subsequent embedding of further stars via magnetic tension. In this sense, magnetic fields avoid a runaway deceleration process. Furthermore, when the mass-load is large enough to increase the jet density and produce fast, differential jet expansion, the conversion of magnetic energy flux into kinetic energy flux (i.e., magnetic acceleration), helps to delay the deceleration process with respect to non-magnetised jets. We conclude that the typical stellar population in elliptical galaxies cannot explain jet deceleration in classical FRI radio galaxies. However, we observe a significant change in the jet composition, thermodynamical parameters and energy dissipation along its evolution, even for moderate values of the mass-load.
We report finding kiloparsec-scale radio emissions aligned with parsec-scale jet structures in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy Mrk 1239 using the Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array. Thus, this radio-quiet NLS1 has a jet-producing central engine driven by essentially the same mechanism as that of other radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Most of the radio luminosity is concentrated within 100 parsecs and overall radio morphology looks edge-darkened; the estimated jet kinetic power is comparable to Fanaroff--Riley Type I radio galaxies. The conversion from accretion to jet power appears to be highly inefficient in this highly accreting low-mass black hole system compared with that in a low-luminosity AGN with similar radio power driven by a sub-Eddington, high-mass black hole. Thus, Mrk 1239 is a crucial probe to the unexplored parameter spaces of central engines for a jet formation.
The wealth of recent data from imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), ultra-high energy cosmic-ray experiments and neutrino telescopes have fuelled a renewed interest in hadronic emission models for gamma-loud blazars. We explore physically plausible solutions for a lepto-hadronic interpretation of the stationary emission from high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs). The modelled spectral energy distributions are then searched for specific signatures at very high energies that could help to distinguish the hadronic origin of the emission from a standard leptonic scenario. By introducing a few basic constraints on parameters of the model, such as assuming the co-acceleration of electrons and protons, we significantly reduced the number of free parameters. We then systematically explored the parameter space of the size of the emission region and its magnetic field for two bright gamma-loud HBLs, PKS 2155-304 and Mrk 421. For all solutions close to equipartition between the energy densities of protons and of the magnetic field, and with acceptable jet power and light-crossing timescales, we inspected the spectral hardening in the multi-TeV domain from proton-photon induced cascades and muon-synchrotron emission inside the source. Very-high-energy spectra simulated with the available instrument functions from the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) were evaluated for detectable features as a function of exposure time, source redshift, and flux level. Over a large range of model parameters, the spectral hardening due to internal synchrotron-pair cascades, the cascade bump, should be detectable for acceptable exposure times with the future CTA for a few nearby and bright HBLs.
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