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Register a new userThe nature of high-energy radiation damage in iron: Modeling results
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Understanding and predicting a materials performance in response to high-energy radiation damage, as well as designing future materials to be used in intense radiation environments, requires the knowledge of the structure, morphology and amount of radiation-induced structural change. We report the results of molecular dynamics simulations of high-energy radiation damage in iron in the range 0.2-0.5 MeV. We analyze and quantify the nature of collision cascades both at the global and local scale. We find that the structure of high-energy collision cascades becomes increasingly continuous as opposed to showing sub-cascade branching reported previously. At the local length scale, we find large defect clusters and novel small vacancy and interstitial clusters. These features form the basis for physical models aimed at understanding the effects of high energy radiation damage in structural materials.
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Electronic effects are believed to be important in high--energy radiation damage processes where high electronic temperature is expected, yet their effects are not currently understood. Here, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of high-energy collision cascades in $alpha$-iron using the coupled two-temperature molecular dynamics (2T-MD) model that incorporates both effects of electronic stopping and electron-ion interaction. We subsequently compare it with the model employing the electronic stopping only, and find several interesting novel insights. The 2T-MD results in both decreased damage production in the thermal spike and faster relaxation of the damage at short times. Notably, the 2T-MD model gives a similar amount of the final damage at longer times, which we interpret to be the result of two competing effects: smaller amount of short-time damage and shorter time available for damage recovery.
Although the effects of the electronic excitations during high-energy radiation damage processes are not currently understood, it is shown that their role in the interaction of radiation with matter is important. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of high-energy collision cascades in bcc-tungsten using the coupled two-temperature molecular dynamics (2T-MD) model that incorporates both the effects of electronic stopping and electron-phonon interaction. We compare the combination of these effects on the induced damage with only the effect of electronic stopping, and conclude in several novel insights. In the 2T-MD model, the electron-phonon coupling results in less damage production in the molten region and in faster relaxation of the damage at short times. These two effects lead to significantly smaller amount of the final damage at longer times.
Radiation damage in body-centered cubic (BCC) Fe has been extensively studied by computer simulations to quantify effects of temperature, impinging particle energy, and the presence of extrinsic particles. However, limited investigation has been conducted into the effects of mechanical stresses and strain. In a reactor environment, structural materials are often mechanically strained, and an expanded understanding of how this strain affects the generation of defects may be important for predicting microstructural evolution and damage accumulation under such conditions. In this study, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations in which various types of homogeneous strains are applied to BCC Fe and the effect on defect generation is examined. It is found that volume-conserving shear strains yield no statistically significant variations in the stable number of defects created via cascades in BCC Fe. However, strains that result in volume changes are found to produce significant effects on defect generation.
The iron(III) center in ferroelectric PbTiO3 together with an oxygen vacancy forms a charged defect associate, oriented along the crystallographic c-axis. Its microscopic structure has been analyzed in detail comparing results from a semi-empirical Newman superposition model analysis based on finestructure data and from calculations using density functional theory. Both methods give evidence for a substitution of Fe3+ for Ti4+ as an acceptor center. The position of the iron ion in the ferroelectric phase is found to be similar to the B-site in the paraelectric phase. Partial charge compensation is locally provided by a directly coordinated oxygen vacancy. Using high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction, it was verified that lead titanate remains tetragonal down to 12 K, exhibiting a c/a-ratio of 1.0721.
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