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Register a new userMultimegawatt DAE$delta$ALUS Cyclotrons for Neutrino Physics
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DAE$delta$ALUS (Decay-At-rest Experiment for $delta_{CP}$ studies At the Laboratory for Underground Science) provides a new approach to the search for CP violation in the neutrino sector. High-power continuous-wave proton cyclotrons efficiently provide the necessary proton beams with an energy of up to 800 MeV to create neutrinos from pion and muon decay-at-rest. The experiment searches for $bar{ u}_{mu} rightarrow bar{ u}_e$ at short baselines corresponding to the atmospheric $Delta m^2$ region. The $bar{ u}_e$ will be detected via inverse beta decay. Thus, the cyclotrons will be employed at a future ultra-large gadolinium-doped water or scintillator detector. In this paper we address the most challenging questions regarding a cyclotron-based high-power proton driver in the megawatt range with a kinetic energy of 800 MeV. Aspects of important subsystems like the ion source and injection chain, the magnet design and radio frequency system will be addressed. Precise beam dynamics simulations, including space charge and the $text{H}_2^+$ stripping process, are the base for the characterization and quantification of the beam halo -- one of the most limiting processes in high-power particle accelerators.
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As we enter the age of precision measurement in neutrino physics, improved flux sources are required. These must have a well-defined flavor content with energies in ranges where backgrounds are low and cross section knowledge is high. Very few sources of neutrinos can meet these requirements. However, pion/muon and isotope decay-at-rest sources qualify. The ideal drivers for decay-at-rest sources are cyclotron accelerators, which are compact and relatively inexpensive. This paper describes a scheme to produce decay-at-rest sources driven by such cyclotrons, developed within the DAEdALUS program. Examples of the value of the high precision beams for pursuing Beyond Standard Model interactions are reviewed. New results on a combined DAEdALUS--Hyper-K search for CP-violation that achieve errors on the mixing matrix parameter of 4 degrees to 12 degrees are presented.
This report provides a first design for H2+ accelerators as the DAEdALUS neutrino sources. A description of all aspects of the system, from the ion source to the extracted beam, is provided. The analysis provides a first proof of principle of a full cyclotron system which can provide the necessary beam power for the CP violation search proposed by the DAEdALUS Collaboration.
Muon-based facilities offer unique potential to provide capabilities at both the Intensity Frontier with Neutrino Factories and the Energy Frontier with Muon Colliders. They rely on a novel technology with challenging parameters, for which the feasibility is currently being evaluated by the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP). A realistic scenario for a complementary series of staged facilities with increasing complexity and significant physics potential at each stage has been developed. It takes advantage of and leverages the capabilities already planned for Fermilab, especially the strategy for long-term improvement of the accelerator complex being initiated with the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). Each stage is designed to provide an R&D platform to validate the technologies required for subsequent stages. The rationale and sequence of the staging process and the critical issues to be addressed at each stage, are presented.
There is great need for high intensity proton beams from compact particle accelerators in particle physics, medical isotope production, and materials- and energy-research. To address this need, we present, for the first time, a design for a compact isochronous cyclotron that will be able to deliver 10 mA of 60 MeV protons - an order of magnitude higher than on-market compact cyclotrons and a factor four higher than research machines. A key breakthrough is that vortex motion is incorporated in the design of a cyclotron, leading to clean extraction. Beam losses on the septa of the electrostatic extraction channels stay below 50 W (a factor four below the required safety limit), while maintaining good beam quality. We present a set of highly accurate particle-in-cell simulations, and an uncertainty quantification of select beam input parameters using machine learning, showing the robustness of the design. This design can be utilized for beams for experiments in particle and nuclear physics, materials science and medical physics as well as for industrial applications.
Space charge effects, being one of the most significant collective effects, play an important role in high intensity cyclotrons. However, for cyclotrons with small turn separation, other existing effects are of equal importance. Interactions of radially neighboring bunches are also present, but their combined effects has not yet been investigated in any great detail. In this paper, a new particle in cell based self-consistent numerical simulation model is presented for the first time. The model covers neighboring bunch effects and is implemented in the three-dimensional object-oriented parallel code OPAL-cycl, a flavor of the OPAL framework. We discuss this model together with its implementation and validation. Simulation results are presented from the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron in the context of the ongoing high intensity upgrade program, which aims to provide a beam power of 1.8 MW (CW) at the target destination.
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