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Register a new userTesting hydrostatic equilibrium in galaxy cluster MS 2137
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We test the assumption of strict hydrostatic equilibrium in galaxy cluster MS2137.3-2353 (MS 2137) using the latest CHANDRA X-ray observations and results from a combined strong and weak lensing analysis based on optical observations. We deproject the two-dimensional X-ray surface brightness and mass surface density maps assuming spherical and spheroidal dark matter distributions. We find a significant, 40%-50%, contribution from non-thermal pressure in the core assuming a spherical model. This non-thermal pressure support is similar to what was found by Molnar et al. (2010) using a sample of massive relaxed clusters drawn from high resolution cosmological simulations. We have studied hydrostatic equilibrium in MS 2137 under the assumption of elliptical cluster geometry adopting prolate models for the dark matter density distribution with different axis ratios. Our results suggest that the main effect of ellipticity (compared to spherical models) is to decrease the non-thermal pressure support required for equilibrium at all radii without changing the distribution qualitatively. We find that a prolate model with an axis ratio of 1.25 (axis in the line of sight over perpendicular to it) provides a physically acceptable model implying that MS 2137 is close to hydrostatic equilibrium at about 0.04-0.15 Rvir and have an about 25% contribution from non-thermal pressure at the center. Our results provide further evidence that there is a significant contribution from non-thermal pressure in the core region of even relaxed clusters, i.e., the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium is not valid in this region, independently of the assumed shape of the cluster.
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We test the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium in an X-ray luminosity selected sample of 50 galaxy clusters at $0.15<z<0.3$ from the Local Cluster Substructure Survey (LoCuSS). Our weak-lensing measurements of $M_{500}$ control systematic biases to sub-4 per cent, and our hydrostatic measurements of the same achieve excellent agreement between XMM-Newton and Chandra. The mean ratio of X-ray to lensing mass for these 50 clusters is $beta_{rm X}=0.95pm0.05$, and for the 44 clusters also detected by Planck, the mean ratio of Planck mass estimate to LoCuSS lensing mass is $beta_{rm P}=0.95pm0.04$. Based on a careful like-for-like analysis, we find that LoCuSS, the Canadian Cluster Comparison Project (CCCP), and Weighing the Giants (WtG) agree on $beta_{rm P}simeq0.9-0.95$ at $0.15<z<0.3$. This small level of hydrostatic bias disagrees at $sim5sigma$ with the level required to reconcile Planck cosmology results from the cosmic microwave background and galaxy cluster counts.
In this paper we investigate the level of hydrostatic equilibrium (HE) in the intra-cluster medium of simulated galaxy clusters, extracted from state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamical simulations performed with the Smoothed-Particle-Hydrodynamic code GADGET-3. These simulations include several physical processes, among which stellar and AGN feedback, and have been performed with an improved version of the code that allows for a better description of hydrodynamical instabilities and gas mixing processes. Evaluating the radial balance between the gravitational and hydrodynamical forces, via the gas accelerations generated, we effectively examine the level of HE in every object of the sample, its dependence on the radial distance from the center and on the classification of the cluster in terms of either cool-coreness or dynamical state. We find an average deviation of 10-20% out to the virial radius, with no evident distinction between cool-core and non-cool-core clusters. Instead, we observe a clear separation between regular and disturbed systems, with a more significant deviation from HE for the disturbed objects. The investigation of the bias between the hydrostatic estimate and the total gravitating mass indicates that, on average, this traces very well the deviation from HE, even though individual cases show a more complex picture. Typically, in the radial ranges where mass bias and deviation from HE are substantially different, the gas is characterized by a significant amount of random motions (>~30 per cent), relative to thermal ones. As a general result, the HE-deviation and mass bias, at given interesting distance from the cluster center, are not very sensitive to the temperature inhomogeneities in the gas.
AIMS. While weak lensing cannot resolve cluster cores and strong lensing is almost insensitive to density profiles outside the scale radius, combinations of both effects promise to constrain density profiles of galaxy clusters well, and thus to allow testing of the CDM expectation on dark-matter halo density profiles. METHODS. We develop an algorithm further that we had recently proposed for this purpose. It recovers a lensing potential optimally reproducing observations of both strong and weak-lensing effects by combining high resolution in cluster cores with the larger-scale information from weak lensing. The main extensions concern the accommodation of mild non-linearity in inner iterations, the progressive increase in resolution in outer iterations, and the introduction of a suitable regularisation term. The linearity of the method is essentially preserved. RESULTS. We demonstrate the success of the algorithm with both idealised and realistic simulated data, showing that the simulated lensing mass distribution and its density profile are well reproduced. We then apply it to weak and strong lensing data of the cluster MS 2137 and obtain a parameter-free solution which is in good qualitative agreement with earlier parametric studies.
The $Lambda$CDM model of structure formation makes strong predictions on concentration and shape of DM (dark matter) halos, which are determined by mass accretion processes. Comparison between predicted shapes and observations provides a geometric test of the $Lambda$CDM model. Accurate and precise measurements needs a full three-dimensional analysis of the cluster mass distribution. We accomplish this with a multi-probe 3D analysis of the X-ray regular CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble) clusters combining strong and weak lensing, X-ray photometry and spectroscopy, and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. The cluster shapes and concentrations are consistent with $Lambda$CDM predictions. The CLASH clusters are randomly oriented, as expected given the sample selection criteria. Shapes agree with numerical results for DM-only halos, which hints at baryonic physics being not so effective in making halos rounder.
We present a parametric strong lensing modeling of the galaxy cluster MS,0440.5+0204 (located at $z$ = 0.19). We have performed a strong lensing mass reconstruction of the cluster using three different models. The first model uses the image positions of four multiple imaged systems (providing 26 constraints). The second one combines strong lensing constraints with dynamical information (velocity dispersion) of the cluster. The third one uses the mass calculated from weak lensing as an additional constraint. Our three models reproduce equally well the image positions of the arcs, with a root-mean-square image equal to $approx$0.5$arcsec$. However, in the third model, the inclusion of the velocity dispersion and the weak-lensing mass allows us to obtain better constraints in the scale radius and the line-of-sight velocity dispersion of the mass profile. For this model, we obtain $r_s$ = 132$^{+30}_{-32}$ kpc, $sigma_s$ = 1203$^{+46}_{-47}$ km s$^{-1}$, M$_{200}$ = 3.1$^{+0.6}_{-0.6}$ $times10^{14}$,M$_{odot}$, and a high concentration, $c_{200}$ = 9.9$^{+2.2}_{-1.4}$. Finally, we used our derived mass profile to calculate the mass up to 1.5 Mpc. We compare it with X-ray estimates previously reported, finding a good agreement.
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