A bifurcation analysis of dune shape transition is made. By use of a reduced model of dune morphodynamics, dune skeleton model, we elucidate the transition mechanism between different shapes of dunes under unidirectional wind. It was found that the decrease in the total amount of sand in the system and/or the lateral sand flow shifts the stable state from a straight transverse dune to wavy transverse dune through a pitchfork bifurcation. A further decrease causes wavy transverse dunes to shift into barchans through a Hopf bifurcation. These bifurcation structures reveal the transition mechanism of dune shapes under unidirectional wind.
The dryland vegetation model proposed by Rietkerk and collaborators has been explored from a bifurcation perspective in several previous studies. Our aim here is to explore in some detail the bifurcation phenomena present when the coefficients of the model are allowed to vary in a wide range of parameters. In addition to the primary bifurcation parameter, the precipitation, we allow the two infiltration rate parameters to vary as well. We find that these two parameters control the size and stability of nonhomogeneous biomass states in a way that can be predicted. Further, they control when certain homogeneous and inhomogeneous (in space) periodic (in time) orbits exist. Finally, we show that the model possesses infinitely many unphysical steady state branches. We then present a modification of the model which eliminates these unphysical solutions, and briefly explore this new model for a fixed set of parameters.
A density oscillator exhibits limit-cycle oscillations driven by the density difference of the two fluids. We performed two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with a simple model, and reproduced the oscillatory flow observed in experiments. As the density difference is increased as a bifurcation parameter, a damped oscillation changes to a limit-cycle oscillation through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. We estimated the critical density difference at the bifurcation point and confirmed that the period of the oscillation remains finite even around the bifurcation point.
Many problems in engineering can be understood as controlling the bifurcation structure of a given device. For example, one may wish to delay the onset of instability, or bring forward a bifurcation to enable rapid switching between states. We propose a numerical technique for controlling the bifurcation diagram of a nonlinear partial differential equation by varying the shape of the domain. Specifically, we are able to delay or advance a given bifurcation point to a given parameter value, often to within machine precision. The algorithm consists of solving a shape optimization problem constrained by an augmented system of equations, the Moore--Spence system, that characterize the location of the bifurcation points. Numerical experiments on the Allen--Cahn, Navier--Stokes, and hyperelasticity equations demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in a wide range of settings.
Hydrodynamic instabilities often cause spatio-temporal pattern formations and transitions between them. We investigate a model experimental system, a density oscillator, where the bifurcation from a resting state to an oscillatory state is triggered by the increase in the density difference of the two fluids. Our results show that the oscillation amplitude increases from zero and the period decreases above a critical density difference. The detailed data close to the bifurcation point provide a critical exponent consistent with the supercritical Hopf bifurcation.
One of the main discoveries from the first two orbits of Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was the presence of magnetic switchbacks, whose deflections dominated the magnetic field measurements. Determining their shape and size could provide evidence of their origin, which is still unclear. Previous work with a single solar wind stream has indicated that these are long, thin structures although the direction of their major axis could not be determined. We investigate if this long, thin nature extends to other solar wind streams, while determining the direction along which the switchbacks within a stream were aligned. We try to understand how the size and orientation of the switchbacks, along with the flow velocity and spacecraft trajectory, combine to produce the observed structure durations for past and future orbits. We searched for the alignment direction that produced a combination of a spacecraft cutting direction and switchback duration that was most consistent with long, thin structures. The expected form of a long, thin structure was fitted to the results of the best alignment direction, which determined the width and aspect ratio of the switchbacks for that stream. The switchbacks had a mean width of $50,000 , rm{km}$, with an aspect ratio of the order of $10$. We find that switchbacks are not aligned along the background flow direction, but instead aligned along the local Parker spiral, perhaps suggesting that they propagate along the magnetic field. Since the observed switchback duration depends on how the spacecraft cuts through the structure, the duration alone cannot be used to determine the size or influence of an individual event. For future PSP orbits, a larger spacecraft transverse component combined with more radially aligned switchbacks will lead to long duration switchbacks becoming less common.