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Register a new userReproducing Kernels of Sobolev Spaces via a Green Kernel Approach with Differential Operators and Boundary Operators
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We introduce a vector differential operator $mathbf{P}$ and a vector boundary operator $mathbf{B}$ to derive a reproducing kernel along with its associated Hilbert space which is shown to be embedded in a classical Sobolev space. This reproducing kernel is a Green kernel of differential operator $L:=mathbf{P}^{ast T}mathbf{P}$ with homogeneous or nonhomogeneous boundary conditions given by $mathbf{B}$, where we ensure that the distributional adjoint operator $mathbf{P}^{ast}$ of $mathbf{P}$ is well-defined in the distributional sense. We represent the inner product of the reproducing-kernel Hilbert space in terms of the operators $mathbf{P}$ and $mathbf{B}$. In addition, we find relationships for the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the reproducing kernel and the operators with homogeneous or nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. These eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are used to compute a series expansion of the reproducing kernel and an orthonormal basis of the reproducing-kernel Hilbert space. Our theoretical results provide perhaps a more intuitive way of understanding what kind of functions are well approximated by the reproducing kernel-based interpolant to a given multivariate data sample.
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In this paper we introduce a generalized Sobolev space by defining a semi-inner product formulated in terms of a vector distributional operator $mathbf{P}$ consisting of finitely or countably many distributional operators $P_n$, which are defined on the dual space of the Schwartz space. The types of operators we consider include not only differential operators, but also more general distributional operators such as pseudo-differential operators. We deduce that a certain appropriate full-space Green function $G$ with respect to $L:=mathbf{P}^{ast T}mathbf{P}$ now becomes a conditionally positive definite function. In order to support this claim we ensure that the distributional adjoint operator $mathbf{P}^{ast}$ of $mathbf{P}$ is well-defined in the distributional sense. Under sufficient conditions, the native space (reproducing-kernel Hilbert space) associated with the Green function $G$ can be isometrically embedded into or even be isometrically equivalent to a generalized Sobolev space. As an application, we take linear combinations of translates of the Green function with possibly added polynomial terms and construct a multivariate minimum-norm interpolant $s_{f,X}$ to data values sampled from an unknown generalized Sobolev function $f$ at data sites located in some set $X subset mathbb{R}^d$. We provide several examples, such as Matern kernels or Gaussian kernels, that illustrate how many reproducing-kernel Hilbert spaces of well-known reproducing kernels are isometrically equivalent to a generalized Sobolev space. These examples further illustrate how we can rescale the Sobolev spaces by the vector distributional operator $mathbf{P}$. Introducing the notion of scale as part of the definition of a generalized Sobolev space may help us to choose the best kernel function for kernel-based approximation methods.
For any real $beta$ let $H^2_beta$ be the Hardy-Sobolev space on the unit disk $D$. $H^2_beta$ is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space and its reproducing kernel is bounded when $beta>1/2$. In this paper, we study composition operators $C_varphi$ on $H^2_beta$ for $1/2<beta<1$. Our main result is that, for a non-constant analytic function $varphi:DtoD$, the operator $C_{varphi }$ has dense range in $H_{beta }^{2}$ if and only if the polynomials are dense in a certain Dirichlet space of the domain $varphi(D)$. It follows that if the range of $C_{varphi }$ is dense in $H_{beta }^{2}$, then $varphi $ is a weak-star generator of $H^{infty}$. Note that this conclusion is false for the classical Dirichlet space $mathfrak{D}$. We also characterize Fredholm composition operators on $H^{2}_{beta }$.
The Gaussian kernel plays a central role in machine learning, uncertainty quantification and scattered data approximation, but has received relatively little attention from a numerical analysis standpoint. The basic problem of finding an algorithm for efficient numerical integration of functions reproduced by Gaussian kernels has not been fully solved. In this article we construct two classes of algorithms that use $N$ evaluations to integrate $d$-variate functions reproduced by Gaussian kernels and prove the exponential or super-algebraic decay of their worst-case errors. In contrast to earlier work, no constraints are placed on the length-scale parameter of the Gaussian kernel. The first class of algorithms is obtained via an appropriate scaling of the classical Gauss-Hermite rules. For these algorithms we derive lower and upper bounds on the worst-case error of the forms $exp(-c_1 N^{1/d}) N^{1/(4d)}$ and $exp(-c_2 N^{1/d}) N^{-1/(4d)}$, respectively, for positive constants $c_1 > c_2$. The second class of algorithms we construct is more flexible and uses worst-case optimal weights for points that may be taken as a nested sequence. For these algorithms we derive upper bounds of the form $exp(-c_3 N^{1/(2d)})$ for a positive constant $c_3$.
Let $G$ be a locally compact abelian group with a Haar measure, and $Y$ be a measure space. Suppose that $H$ is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of functions on $Gtimes Y$, such that $H$ is naturally embedded into $L^2(Gtimes Y)$ and is invariant under the translations associated with the elements of $G$. Under some additional technical assumptions, we study the W*-algebra $mathcal{V}$ of translation-invariant bounded linear operators acting on $H$. First, we decompose $mathcal{V}$ into the direct integral of the W*-algebras of bounded operators acting on the reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces $widehat{H}_xi$, $xiinwidehat{G}$, generated by the Fourier transform of the reproducing kernel. Second, we give a constructive criterion for the commutativity of $mathcal{V}$. Third, in the commutative case, we construct a unitary operator that simultaneously diagonalizes all operators belonging to $mathcal{V}$, i.e., converts them into some multiplication operators. Our scheme generalizes many examples previously studied by Nikolai Vasilevski and other authors.
We study {em $ abla$-Sobolev spaces} and {em $ abla$-differential operators} with coefficients in general Hermitian vector bundles on Riemannian manifolds, stressing a coordinate free approach that uses connections (which are typically denoted $ abla$). These concepts arise naturally from Partial Differential Equations, including some that are formulated on plain Euclidean domains, such as the weighted Sobolev spaces used to study PDEs on singular domains. We prove several basic properties of the $ abla$-Sobolev spaces and of the $ abla$-differential operators on general manifolds. For instance, we prove mapping properties for our differential operators and independence of the $ abla$-Sobolev spaces on the choices of the connection $ abla$ with respect to totally bounded perturbations. We introduce a {em Frechet finiteness condition} (FFC) for totally bounded vector fields, which is satisfied, for instance, by open subsets of manifolds with bounded geometry. When (FFC) is satisfied, we provide several equivalent definitions of our $ abla$-Sobolev spaces and of our $ abla$-differential operators. We examine in more detail the particular case of domains in the Euclidean space, including the case of weighted Sobolev spaces. We also introduce and study the notion of a {em $ abla$-bidifferential} operator (a bilinear version of differential operators), obtaining results similar to those obtained for $ abla$-differential operators. Bilinear differential operators are necessary for a global, geometric discussion of variational problems. We tried to write the paper so that it is accessible to a large audience.
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