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Register a new userValidity of the Hadronic Freeze-Out Curve
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F. Becattini
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We analyze hadro-chemical freeze-out in central Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS energies, employing the hybrid version of UrQMD which models hadronization by the Cooper-Frye mechanism, and matches to a final hadron-resonance cascade. We fit the results both before and after the cascade stage using the Statistical Hadronization Model, to assess the effect of the cascade phase. We observe a strong effect on antibaryon yields except anti-{Omega}, resulting in a shift in T and {mu}_B. We discuss the implications for the freeze-out curve.
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The chemical freeze-out of hadrons created in the high energy nuclear collisions is studied within the realistic version of the hadron resonance gas model. The chemical non-equilibrium of strange particles is accounted via the usual $gamma_{s}$ factor which gives us an opportunity to perform a high quality fit with $chi^2/dof simeq 63.5/55 simeq 1.15$ of the hadronic multiplicity ratios measured from the low AGS to the highest RHIC energies. In contrast to previous findings, at low energies we observe the strangeness enhancement instead of a suppression. In addition, the performed $gamma_{s}$ fit allows us to achieve the highest quality of the Strangeness Horn description with $chi^2/dof=3.3/14$. For the first time the top point of the Strangeness Horn is perfectly reproduced, which makes our theoretical horn as sharp as an experimental one. However, the $gamma_{s}$ fit approach does not sizably improve the description of the multi-strange baryons and antibaryons. Therefore, an apparent deviation of multi-strange baryons and antibaryons from chemical equilibrium requires further explanation.
We calculate the non-normalized moments of the particle multiplicity within the framework of the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model. At finite chemical potential $mu$, a non-monotonic behavior is observed in the thermal evolution of third order moment (skewness $S$) and the higher order ones as well. Among others, this observation likely reflects dynamical fluctuations and strong correlations. The signatures of non-monotonicity in the normalized fourth order moment (kurtosis $kappa$) and its products get very clear. Based on these findings, we introduce a novel condition characterizing the universal freeze-out curve. The chemical freeze-out parameters $T$ and $mu$ are described by vanishing $kappa, sigma^2$ or equivalently $m_4=3,chi^2$, where $sigma$, $chi$ and $m_4$ are the standard deviation, susceptibility and fourth order moment, respectively. The fact that the HRG model is not able to release information about criticality related to the confinement and chiral dynamics should not veil the observations related to the chemical freeze-out. Recent lattice QCD studies strongly advocate the main conclusion of the present paper.
The Hadron Resonance Gas Model with two chemical freeze-outs, connected by conservation laws is considered. We are arguing that the chemical freeze-out of strange hadrons should occur earlier than the chemical freeze-out of non-strange hadrons. The hadron multiplicities measured in the heavy ion collisions for the center of mass energy range 2.7 - 200 GeV are described well by such a model. Based on a success of such an approach, a radical way to improve the Hadron Resonance Gas Model performance is suggested. Thus, we suggest to identify the hadronic reactions that freeze-out noticeably earlier or later that most of the others reactions (for different collision energies they may be different) and to consider a separate freeze-out for them.
We study chemical freeze-out parameters for heavy-ion collisions by performing two different thermal analyses. We analyze results from thermal fits for particle yields, as well as, net-charge fluctuations in order to characterize the chemical freeze-out. The Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model is employed for both methods. By separating the light hadrons from the strange hadrons in thermal fits, we study the proposed flavor hierarchy. For the net-charge fluctuations, we calculate the mean-over-variance ratio of the net-kaon fluctuations in the HRG model at the five highest energies of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) for different particle data lists. We compare these results with recent experimental data from the STAR collaboration in order to extract sets of chemical freeze-out parameters for each list. We focused on particle lists which differ largely in the number of resonant states. By doing so, our analysis determines the effect of the amount of resonances included in the HRG model on the freeze-out conditions. Our findings have potential impact on various other models in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
We describe two independent frameworks which provide unambiguous determinations of the deconfinement and the decoupling conditions of a relativistic gas at finite temperature. First, we use the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model to compute meson and baryon masses at finite temperature and determine their melting temperature as a function of their strangeness content. Second, we analyze a simple expanding gas within a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, which admits a well-defined decoupling mechanism. We examine the decoupling time as a function of the particle mass and cross section. We find evidences of an inherent dependence of the hadronization and freeze-out conditions on flavor, and on mass and cross section, respectively.
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