No Arabic abstract
Radiative transfer has a strong impact on the collapse and the fragmentation of prestellar dense cores. We present the radiation-hydrodynamics solver we designed for the RAMSES code. The method is designed for astrophysical purposes, and in particular for protostellar collapse. We present the solver, using the co-moving frame to evaluate the radiative quantities. We use the popular flux limited diffusion approximation, under the grey approximation (one group of photon). The solver is based on the second-order Godunov scheme of RAMSES for its hyperbolic part, and on an implicit scheme for the radiation diffusion and the coupling between radiation and matter. We report in details our methodology to integrate the RHD solver into RAMSES. We test successfully the method against several conventional tests. For validation in 3D, we perform calculations of the collapse of an isolated 1 M_sun prestellar dense core, without rotation. We compare successfully the results with previous studies using different models for radiation and hydrodynamics. We have developed a full radiation hydrodynamics solver in the RAMSES code, that handles adaptive mesh refinement grids. The method is a combination of an explicit scheme and an implicit scheme, accurate to the second-order in space. Our method is well suited for star formation purposes. Results of multidimensional dense core collapse calculations with rotation are presented in a companion paper.
Aims. The importance of radiation to the physical structure of protoplanetary disks cannot be understated. However, protoplanetary disks evolve with time, and so to understand disk evolution and by association, disk structure, one should solve the combined and time-dependent equations of radiation hydrodynamics. Methods. We implement a new implicit radiation solver in the AZEuS adaptive mesh refinement magnetohydrodynamics fluid code. Based on a hybrid approach that combines frequency-dependent ray-tracing for stellar irradiation with non-equilibrium flux limited diffusion, we solve the equations of radiation hydrodynamics while preserving the directionality of the stellar irradiation. The implementation permits simulations in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, on both uniform and adaptive grids. Results. We present several hydrostatic and hydrodynamic radiation tests which validate our implementation on uniform and adaptive grids as appropriate, including benchmarks specifically designed for protoplanetary disks. Our results demonstrate that the combination of a hybrid radiation algorithm with AZEuS is an effective tool for radiation hydrodynamics studies, and produces results which are competitive with other astrophysical radiation hydrodynamics codes.
The design and implementation of a new framework for adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) calculations is described. It is intended primarily for applications in astrophysical fluid dynamics, but its flexible and modular design enables its use for a wide variety of physics. The framework works with both uniform and nonuniform grids in Cartesian and curvilinear coordinate systems. It adopts a dynamic execution model based on a simple design called a task list that improves parallel performance by overlapping communication and computation, simplifies the inclusion of a diverse range of physics, and even enables multiphysics models involving different physics in different regions of the calculation. We describe physics modules implemented in this framework for both non-relativistic and relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). These modules adopt mature and robust algorithms originally developed for the Athena MHD code and incorporate new extensions: support for curvilinear coordinates, higher-order time integrators, more realistic physics such as a general equation of state, and diffusion terms that can be integrated with super-time-stepping algorithms. The modules show excellent performance and scaling, with well over 80% parallel efficiency on over half a million threads. The source code has been made publicly available.
Performing a stable, long duration simulation of driven MHD turbulence with a high thermal Mach number and a strong initial magnetic field is a challenge to high-order Godunov ideal MHD schemes because of the difficulty in guaranteeing positivity of the density and pressure. We have implemented a robust combination of reconstruction schemes, Riemann solvers, limiters, and Constrained Transport EMF averaging schemes that can meet this challenge, and using this strategy, we have developed a new Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) MHD module of the ORION2 code. We investigate the effects of AMR on several statistical properties of a turbulent ideal MHD system with a thermal Mach number of 10 and a plasma $beta_0$ of 0.1 as initial conditions; our code is shown to be stable for simulations with higher Mach numbers ($M_rms = 17.3$) and smaller plasma beta ($beta_0 = 0.0067$) as well. Our results show that the quality of the turbulence simulation is generally related to the volume-averaged refinement. Our AMR simulations show that the turbulent dissipation coefficient for supersonic MHD turbulence is about 0.5, in agreement with unigrid simulations.
A new numerical code, called SFUMATO, for solving self-gravitational magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) problems using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is presented. A block-structured grid is adopted as the grid of the AMR hierarchy. The total variation diminishing (TVD) cell-centered scheme is adopted as the MHD solver, with hyperbolic cleaning of divergence error of the magnetic field also implemented. The self-gravity is solved by a multigrid method composed of (1) full multigrid (FMG)-cycle on the AMR hierarchical grids, (2) V-cycle on these grids, and (3) FMG-cycle on the base grid. The multigrid method exhibits spatial second-order accuracy, fast convergence, and scalability. The numerical fluxes are conserved by using a refluxing procedure in both the MHD solver and the multigrid method. The several tests are performed indicating that the solutions are consistent with previously published results.
We present Arepo-MCRT, a novel Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) radiation-hydrodynamics (RHD) solver for the unstructured moving-mesh code Arepo. Our method is designed for general multiple scattering problems in both optically thin and thick conditions. We incorporate numerous efficiency improvements and noise reduction schemes to help overcome efficiency barriers that typically inhibit convergence. These include continuous absorption and energy deposition, photon weighting and luminosity boosting, local packet merging and splitting, path-based statistical estimators, conservative (face-centered) momentum coupling, adaptive convergence between time steps, implicit Monte Carlo algorithms for thermal emission, and discrete-diffusion Monte Carlo techniques for unresolved scattering, including a novel advection scheme. We primarily focus on the unique aspects of our implementation and discussions of the advantages and drawbacks of our methods in various astrophysical contexts. Finally, we consider several test applications including the levitation of an optically thick layer of gas by trapped infrared radiation. We find that the initial acceleration phase and revitalized second wind are connected via self-regulation of the RHD coupling, such that the RHD method accuracy and simulation resolution each leave important imprints on the long-term behavior of the gas.