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Register a new userThe dressed atom as binary phase modulator: towards attojoule/edge optical phase-shift keying
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Nanophotonic technologies offer great promise for ultra-low power optical signal processing, but relatively few nonlinear-optical phenomena have yet been explored as bases for robust digital modulation/switching~cite{Yang07,Fara08,Liu10,Noza10}. Here we show that a single two-level system (TLS) coupled strongly to an optical resonator can impart binary phase modulation on a saturating probe beam. Our experiment relies on spontaneous emission to induce occasional transitions between positive and negative phase shifts---with each such edge corresponding to a dissipated energy of just one photon ($approx 0.23$ aJ)---but an optical control beam could be used to trigger additional phase switching at signalling rates above this background. Although our ability to demonstrate controlled switching in our atom-based experiment is limited, we discuss prospects for exploiting analogous physics in a nanophotonic device incorporating a quantum dot as the TLS to realize deterministic binary phase modulation with control power in the aJ/edge regime.
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Two extended cavity laser diodes are phase-locked, thanks to an intra-cavity electro-optical modulator. The phase-locked loop bandwidth is on the order of 10 MHz, which is about twice larger than when the feedback correction is applied on the laser current. The phase noise reaches -120 dBrad$^2$/Hz at 10 kHz. This new scheme reduces the residual laser phase noise, which constitutes one of the dominant contributions in the sensitivity limit of atom interferometers using two-photon transitions.
We report the generation of five phase-locked harmonics, f_1: 2403 nm, f_2: 1201 nm, f_3: 801 nm, f_4: 600 nm, and f_5: 480 nm with an exact frequency ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 by implementing a divide-by-three optical-frequency divider in the high harmonic generation process. All five harmonics are generated coaxially with high phase coherence in time and space, which are applicable for various practical uses.
We consider least squares estimators of carrier phase and amplitude from a noisy communications signal that contains both pilot signals, known to the receiver, and data signals, unknown to the receiver. We focus on signaling constellations that have symbols evenly distributed on the complex unit circle, i.e., M-ary phase shift keying. We show, under reasonably mild conditions on the distribution of the noise, that the least squares estimator of carrier phase is strongly consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. However, the amplitude estimator is not consistent, but converges to a positive real number that is a function of the true carrier amplitude, the noise distribution and the size of the constellation. Our theoretical results can also be applied to the case where no pilot symbols exist, i.e., noncoherent detection. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are provided and these agree with the theoretical results.
Phase Shift Keying on the Hypersphere (PSKH), a generalization of conventional Phase Shift Keying (PSK) for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, is introduced. In PSKH, constellation points are distributed on a multidimensional hypersphere. The use of such constellations with a Peak-To-Average-Sum-Power-Ratio (PASPR) of 1 allows to use load-modulated transmitters which can cope with a small backoff, which in turn results in a high power efficiency. In this paper, we discuss several methods how to generate PSKH constellations and compare their performance. After applying conventional Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM), the PASPR of the continuous time PSKH signal depends on the choice of the pulse shaping method. This choice also influences bandwidth and power efficiency of a PSKH system. In order to reduce the PASPR of the continuous transmission signal, we use spherical interpolation to generate a smooth signal over the hypersphere and present corresponding receiver techniques. Additionally, complexity reduction techniques are proposed and compared. Finally, we discuss the methods presented in this paper regarding their trade-offs with respect to PASPR, bandwidth, power efficiency and receiver complexity.
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