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Register a new userA physical interpretation of the cubic map coefficients describing the electron cloud evolution
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The Electron Cloud, an undesirable physical phenomena in the accelerators, develops quickly as photons striking the vacuum chamberwall knock out electrons that are then accelerated by the beam, gain energy, and strike the chamber again, producing more electrons. The interaction between the electron cloud and a beam leads to the electron cloud effects such as single- and multi-bunch instability, tune shift, increase of pressure and particularly can limit the ability of recently build or planned accelerators to reach their design parameters. We report a principal results about the analytical study to understanding a such dynamics of electrons.
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Electron cloud effects have recognized as as one of the most serious bottleneck for reaching design performances in presently running and proposed future storage rings. The analysis of these effects is usually performed with very time consuming simulation codes. An alternative analytic approach, based on a cubic map model for the bunch-to-bunch evolution of the electron cloud density, could be useful to determine regions in parameters space compatible with safe machine operations. In this communication we derive a simple approximate formula relating the linear coefficient in the electron cloud density map to the parameters relevant for the electron cloud evolution with particular reference to the LHC dipoles.
The Electron Cloud is an undesirable physical phenomenon which might produce single and multi-bunch instability, tune shift, increase of pressure ultimately limiting the performance of particle accelerators. We report our results on the analytical study of the electron dynamics.
Earlier comparisons of galatic rotation curves with MOND have arrived at the conclusion that the parameter a_0 lies within ~20% of cH_0/2pi, where c is the velocity of light and H_0 is the Hubble constant. It is proposed here that, for this value of H_0, signals propagating around the periphery of the Universe are phase locked by the graviton-nucleon interaction.
Several indicators have pointed to the presence of an Electron Cloud (EC) in some of the CERN accelerators, when operating with closely spaced bunched beams. In particular, spurious signals on the pick ups used for beam detection, pressure rise and beam instabilities were observed at the Proton Synchrotron (PS) during the last stage of preparation of the beams for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), as well as at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Since the LHC has started operation in 2009, typical electron cloud phenomena have appeared also in this machine, when running with trains of closely packed bunches (i.e. with spacings below 150ns). Beside the above mentioned indicators, other typical signatures were seen in this machine (due to its operation mode and/or more refined detection possibilities), like heat load in the cold dipoles, bunch dependent emittance growth and degraded lifetime in store and bunch-by-bunch stable phase shift to compensate for the energy loss due to the electron cloud. An overview of the electron cloud status in the different CERN machines (PS, SPS, LHC) will be presented in this paper, with a special emphasis on the dangers for future operation with more intense beams and the necessary countermeasures to mitigate or suppress the effect.
The evolution of the electron density during electron cloud formation can be reproduced using a bunch-to-bunch iterative map formalism. The reliability of this formalism has been proved for RHIC [1] and LHC [2]. The linear coefficient has a good theoretical framework, while quadratic coefficient has been proved only by fitting the results of compute-intensive electron cloud simulations. In this communication we derive an analytic expression for the quadratic map coefficient. The comparison of the theoretical estimate with the simulations results shows a good agreement for a wide range of bunch population.
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