No Arabic abstract
We study three dimensional insulators with inversion symmetry, in which other point group symmetries, such as time reversal, are generically absent. Their band topology is found to be classified by the parities of occupied states at time reversal invariant momenta (TRIM parities), and by three Chern numbers. The TRIM parities of any insulator must satisfy a constraint: their product must be +1. The TRIM parities also constrain the Chern numbers modulo two. When the Chern numbers vanish, a magneto-electric response parameterized by theta is defined and is quantized to theta= 0, 2pi. Its value is entirely determined by the TRIM parities. These results may be useful in the search for magnetic topological insulators with large theta. A classification of inversion symmetric insulators is also given for general dimensions. An alternate geometrical derivation of our results is obtained by using the entanglement spectrum of the ground state wave-function.
In this article we extend the celebrated Berry-phase formulation of electric polarization in crystals to higher electric multipole moments. We determine the necessary conditions under which, and minimal models in which, the quadrupole and octupole moments are topologically quantized electromagnetic observables. Such systems exhibit gapped boundaries that are themselves lower-dimensional topological phases. Furthermore, they manifest topologically protected corner states carrying fractional charge, i.e., fractionalization at the boundary of the boundary. To characterize these new insulating phases of matter, we introduce a new paradigm whereby `nested Wilson loops give rise to a large number of new topological invariants that have been previously overlooked. We propose three realistic experimental implementations of this new topological behavior that can be immediately tested.
Topologically quantized response is one of the focal points of contemporary condensed matter physics. While it directly results in quantized response coefficients in quantum systems, there has been no notion of quantized response in classical systems thus far. This is because quantized response has always been connected to topology via linear response theory that assumes a quantum mechanical ground state. Yet, classical systems can carry arbitrarily amounts of energy in each mode, even while possessing the same number of measurable edge modes as their topological winding. In this work, we discover the totally new paradigm of quantized classical response, which is based on the spectral winding number in the complex spectral plane, rather than the winding of eigenstates in momentum space. Such quantized response is classical insofar as it applies to phenomenological non-Hermitian setting, arises from fundamental mathematical properties of the Greens function, and shows up in steady-state response, without invoking a conventional linear response theory. Specifically, the ratio of the change in one quantity depicting signal amplification to the variation in one imaginary flux-like parameter is found to display fascinating plateaus, with their quantized values given by the spectral winding numbers as the topological invariants.
The theory of topological insulators and superconductors has mostly focused on non-interacting and gapped systems. This review article discusses topological phases that are either gapless or interacting. We discuss recent progress in identifying gapless systems with stable topological properties (such as novel surface states), using Weyl semimetals as an illustration. We then review recent progress in describing topological phases of interacting gapped systems. We explain how new types of edge states can be stabilized by interactions and symmetry, even though the bulk has only conventional excitations and no topological order of the kind associated with Fractional Quantum Hall states.
How do we uniquely identify a quantum phase, given its ground state wave-function? This is a key question for many body theory especially when we consider phases like topological insulators, that share the same symmetry but differ at the level of topology. The entanglement spectrum has been proposed as a ground state property that captures characteristic edge excitations. Here we study the entanglement spectrum for topological band insulators. We first show that insulators with topological surface states will necessarily also have protected modes in the entanglement spectrum. Surprisingly, however, the converse is not true. Protected entanglement modes can also appear for insulators without physical surface states, in which case they capture a more elusive property. This is illustrated by considering insulators with only inversion symmetry. Inversion is shown to act in an unusual way, as an antiunitary operator, on the entanglement spectrum, leading to this protection. The entanglement degeneracies indicate a variety of different phases in inversion symmetric insulators, and these phases are argued to be robust to the introduction of interactions.
We study surface states of topological crystalline insulators and superconductors protected by inversion symmetry. These fall into the category of higher-order topological insulators and superconductors which possess surface states that propagate along one-dimensional curves (hinges) or are localized at some points (corners) on the surface. We show that the surface states of higher-order topological insulators and superconductors can be thought of as globally irremovable topological defects and provide a complete classification of these inversion-protected phases in any spatial dimension for the ten symmetry classes by means of a layer construction. Furthermore, we discuss possible physical realizations of such states starting with a time-reversal invariant topological insulator (class AII) in three dimensions or a time-reversal invariant topological superconductor (class DIII) in two or three dimensions. The former can be used to build a three-dimensional second-order topological insulator which exhibits one-dimensional chiral or helical modes propagating along opposite edges, whereas the latter enables the construction of three-dimensional third-order or two-dimensional second-order topological superconductors hosting Majorana zero modes localized to two opposite corners. Being protected by inversion, such states are not pinned to a specific pair of edges or corners thus offering the possibility of controlling their location by applying inversion-symmetric perturbations such as magnetic field.